Skip to main content

Traumatic Knee Injuries

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Complex Knee Ligament Injuries
  • 1230 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter explains the most common sports-related knee injuries based on the best available evidence. The content is designed for sports physicians who wish to be equipped with a comprehensible and standardized approach to the assessment and treatment of major topics of knee-related sports traumatology. Each topic entails diagnostic strategies and therapeutic management including conservative and operative treatment algorithms. A standardized structure including clear take-home messages as well as high-quality images helps the reader to easily retrieve information for thorough decision-making.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Duthon VB. Acute traumatic patellar dislocation. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015;101:S59–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Arendt EA, Fithian DC, Cohen E. Current concepts of lateral patella dislocation. Clin Sports Med. 2002;21:499–519.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Zaffagnini S, et al. The patellofemoral joint: from dysplasia to dislocation. EFORT Open Rev. 2017;2:204–14.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Frosch S, et al. The treatment of patellar dislocation: a systematic review. Z Orthop Unfall. 2011;149:630–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Mordecai SC, Al-Hadithy N, Ware HE, Gupte CM. Treatment of meniscal tears: an evidence based approach. World J Orthop. 2014;5:233–41.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Chahla J, Dean CS, Moatshe G, Mitchell JJ, Cram TR, Yacuzzi C, LaPrade RF. Meniscal ramp lesions. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016;4(7):232596711665781.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ahn JH, Bae TS, Kang K-S, Kang SY, Lee SH. Longitudinal tear of the medial meniscus posterior horn in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee significantly influences anterior stability. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:2187–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Nikolić DK. Lateral meniscal tears and their evolution in acute injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1998;6(1):26–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Tscholl PM, Duthon VB, Cavalier M, Menetrey J. Current treatment strategy of meniscal lesions in athletes. Rev Med Suisse. 2016;12:1284–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Shybut TB, et al. Effect of lateral meniscal root tear on the stability of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:905–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Sihvonen R, et al. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy versus placebo surgery for a degenerative meniscus tear: a 2-year follow-up of the randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77:188–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Thorlund JB, Juhl CB, Roos EM, Lohmander LS. Arthroscopic surgery for degenerative knee: systematic review and meta-analysis of benefits and harms. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:1229–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Scholten RJ, et al. The accuracy of physical diagnostic tests for assessing meniscal lesions of the knee: a meta-analysis. J Fam Pract. 2001;50:938–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Karachalios T, Hantes M, Zibis AH, Zachos V, Karantanas AH, Malizos KN. Diagnostic accuracy of a new clinical test (the thessaly test) for early detection of meniscal tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(5):955–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Helmark IC, Neergaard K, Krogsgaard MR. Traumatic knee extension deficit (the locked knee): can MRI reduce the need for arthroscopy? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007;15:863–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Barber FA, McGarry JE. Meniscal repair techniques. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2007;15:199–207.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Fok AWM, Yau WP. Early results of all-inside meniscal repairs using a pre-loaded suture anchor. Hong Kong Med. 2013;J19:124–8.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Roemer FW, et al. Partial meniscectomy is associated with increased risk of incident radiographic osteoarthritis and worsening cartilage damage in the following year. Eur Radiol. 2017;27:404–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. van Meer BL, et al. Which determinants predict tibiofemoral and patellofemoral osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury? A systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:975–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Bhatia S, LaPrade CM, Ellman MB, LaPrade RF. Meniscal root tears: significance, diagnosis, and treatment. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42:3016–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. LaPrade RF, Matheny LM, Moulton SG, James EW, Dean CS. Posterior meniscal root repairs: outcomes of an anatomic Transtibial pull-out technique. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:884–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. DePhillipo NN, Cinque ME, Kennedy NI, Chahla J, Geeslin AG, Moatshe G, Engebretsen L, LaPrade RF. Inside-out repair of meniscal ramp lesions. Arthrosc Tech. 2017;6(4):e1315–20.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Herrlin S, Hållander M, Wange P, Weidenhielm L, Werner S. Arthroscopic or conservative treatment of degenerative medial meniscal tears: a prospective randomised trial. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007;15:393–401.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Khan M, Evaniew N, Bedi A, Ayeni OR, Bhandari M. Arthroscopic surgery for degenerative tears of the meniscus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2014;186:1057–64.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Kise NJ, et al. Exercise therapy versus arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for degenerative meniscal tear in middle aged patients: randomised controlled trial with two year follow-up. BMJ. 2016;354:i3740.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Ménétrey J, Siegrist O, Fritschy D. Medial meniscectomy in patients over the age of fifty: a six year follow-up study. Swiss Surg. 2002;8:113–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Stein T, Mehling AP, Welsch F, von Eisenhart-Rothe R, Jäger A. Long-term outcome after arthroscopic meniscal repair versus arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for traumatic meniscal tears. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:1542–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Śmigielski R, Zdanowicz U, Drwięga M, Ciszek B, Ciszkowska-Łysoń B, Siebold R. Ribbon like appearance of the midsubstance fibres of the anterior cruciate ligament close to its femoral insertion site: a cadaveric study including 111 knees. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23(11):3143–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Moulton SG, Steineman BD, Haut Donahue TL, Fontboté CA, Cram TR, LaPrade RF. Direct versus indirect ACL femoral attachment fibres and their implications on ACL graft placement. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(1):165–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Alentorn-Geli E, et al. Prevention of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer players. Part 1: mechanisms of injury and underlying risk factors. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17:705–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Koga H, et al. Mechanisms for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: knee joint kinematics in 10 injury situations from female team handball and basketball. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:2218–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Lohmander LS, Englund PM, Dahl LL, Roos EM. The long-term consequence of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus injuries: osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1756–69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Mihelic R, Jurdana H, Jotanovic Z, Madjarevic T, Tudor A. Long-term results of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a comparison with non-operative treatment with a follow-up of 17-20 years. Int Orthop. 2011;35:1093–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Carey JL, Dunn WR, Dahm DL, Zeger SL, Spindler KP. A systematic review of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autograft compared with allograft. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91:2242–50.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Cavaignac E, et al. Is quadriceps tendon autograft a better choice than hamstring autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? A comparative study with a mean follow-up of 3.6 years. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45:1326–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Dopirak RM, Adamany DC, Steensen RN. A comparison of autogenous patellar tendon and hamstring tendon grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthopedics. 2004;27:837–42; quiz 843–844.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Foster TE, Wolfe BL, Ryan S, Silvestri L, Kaye EK. Does the graft source really matter in the outcome of patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? An evaluation of autograft versus allograft reconstruction results: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:189–99.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Goldblatt JP, Fitzsimmons SE, Balk E, Richmond JC. Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: meta-analysis of patellar tendon versus hamstring tendon autograft. Art Ther. 2005;21:791–803.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hu J, Qu J, Xu D, Zhou J, Lu H. Allograft versus autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: an up-to-date meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int Orthop. 2013;37:311–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Laoruengthana A, Pattayakorn S, Chotanaputhi T, Kosiyatrakul A. Clinical comparison between six-strand hamstring tendon and patellar tendon autograft in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Med Assoc Thail. 2009;92:491–7.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Xie X, et al. A meta-analysis of bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft versus four-strand hamstring tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee. 2015;22:100–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Li X, Xu C, Song J, Jiang N, Yu B. Single-bundle versus double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: an up-to-date meta-analysis. Int Orthop. 2013;37:213–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Siebold R, Branch TP, Freedberg HI, Jacobs CA. A matched pairs comparison of single- versus double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions, clinical results and manual laxity testing. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2011;19(Suppl 1):S4–S11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kondo E, Yasuda K, Azuma H, Tanabe Y, Yagi T. Prospective clinical comparisons of anatomic double-bundle versus single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction procedures in 328 consecutive patients. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:1675–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Murawski CD, van Eck CF, Irrgang JJ, Tashman S, Fu FH. Operative treatment of primary anterior cruciate ligament rupture in adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:685–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Brophy RH, et al. Changes in the length of virtual anterior cruciate ligament fibers during stability testing: a comparison of conventional single-bundle reconstruction and native anterior cruciate ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:2196–203.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Sauer S, English R, Clatworthy M. The ratio of tibial slope and meniscal bone angle for the prediction of ACL reconstruction failure risk. Surg J. 2018;04(03):e152–9.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Clatworthy M, Sauer S, Roberts T. Transportal central femoral tunnel placement has a significantly higher revision rate than transtibial AM femoral tunnel placement in hamstring ACL reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-018-5036-x.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Guenther D, et al. The role of extra-articular Tenodesis in combined ACL and anterolateral capsular injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99:1654–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Ramesh R, Von Arx O, Azzopardi T, Schranz PJ. The risk of anterior cruciate ligament rupture with generalised joint laxity. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87:800–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Slette EL, et al. Biomechanical results of lateral extra-articular Tenodesis procedures of the knee: a systematic review. Art Ther. 2016;32:2592–611.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Weber AE, et al. Lateral augmentation procedures in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: anatomic, biomechanical, imaging, and clinical evidence. Am J Sports Med. 2018:363546517751140. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517751140.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Mountcastle SB, Posner M, Kragh JF, Taylor DC. Gender differences in anterior cruciate ligament injury vary with activity: epidemiology of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in a young, athletic population. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1635–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Prodromos CC, Han Y, Rogowski J, Joyce B, Shi K. A meta-analysis of the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears as a function of gender, sport, and a knee injury-reduction regimen. Art Ther. 2007;23:1320–5.e6.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Toth AP, Cordasco FA. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the female athlete. J Gend Specif Med. 2001;4:25–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Hewett TE, Myer GD, Zazulak BT. Hamstrings to quadriceps peak torque ratios diverge between sexes with increasing isokinetic angular velocity. J Sci Med Sport. 2008;11:452–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Hewett TE, Zazulak BT, Myer GD. Effects of the menstrual cycle on anterior cruciate ligament injury risk: a systematic review. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:659–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. LaPrade RF, Burnett QM. Femoral intercondylar notch stenosis and correlation to anterior cruciate ligament injuries. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:198–202; discussion 203.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Shelbourne KD, Davis TJ, Klootwyk TE. The relationship between intercondylar notch width of the femur and the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:402–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Wordeman SC, Quatman CE, Kaeding CC, Hewett TE. In vivo evidence for tibial plateau slope as a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40:1673–81.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Sauer S, Clatworthy M. The effect of medial tibial slope on anterior tibial translation and short-term ACL reconstruction outcome. Surg J. 2018;04(03):e160–3.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Benjaminse A, Gokeler A, van der Schans CP. Clinical diagnosis of an anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36:267–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. van Eck CF, van den Bekerom MPJ, Fu FH, Poolman RW, Kerkhoffs GMMJ. Methods to diagnose acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a meta-analysis of physical examinations with and without anaesthesia. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21:1895–903.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. König DP, Rütt J, Kumm D, Breidenbach E. Diagnosis of anterior knee instability. Comparison between the Lachman test, the KT-1,000 arthrometer and the ultrasound Lachman test. Unfallchirurg. 1998;101:209–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lane CG, Warren R, Pearle AD. The pivot shift. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008;16:679–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Goldman AB, Pavlov H, Rubenstein D. The Segond fracture of the proximal tibia: a small avulsion that reflects major ligamentous damage. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;151:1163–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Lee CH, et al. Osseous injury associated with ligamentous tear of the knee. Can Assoc Radiol. 2016;J67:379–86.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Lorbach O, et al. The influence of the medial meniscus in different conditions on anterior tibial translation in the anterior cruciate deficient knee. Int Orthop. 2015;39:681–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Monk AP, et al. Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4:CD011166.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Duquin TR, Wind WM, Fineberg MS, Smolinski RJ, Buyea CM. Current trends in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Knee Surg. 2009;22:7–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Mayr HO, Weig TG, Plitz W. Arthrofibrosis following ACL reconstruction--reasons and outcome. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2004;124:518–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Ardern CL, Taylor NF, Feller JA, Webster KE. Fifty-five per cent return to competitive sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis including aspects of physical functioning and contextual factors. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:1543–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Czuppon S, Racette BA, Klein SE, Harris-Hayes M. Variables associated with return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:356–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Legnani C, Terzaghi C, Borgo E, Ventura A. Management of anterior cruciate ligament rupture in patients aged 40 years and older. J Orthop Traumatol. 2011;12:177–84.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Sri-Ram K, Salmon LJ, Pinczewski LA, Roe JP. The incidence of secondary pathology after anterior cruciate ligament rupture in 5086 patients requiring ligament reconstruction. Bone Joint J. 2013;95-B:59–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Barenius B, et al. Increased risk of osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a 14-year follow-up study of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42:1049–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Frobell RB, et al. Treatment for acute anterior cruciate ligament tear: five year outcome of randomised trial. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49:700.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Gillquist J, Messner K. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and the long-term incidence of gonarthrosis. Sports Med. 1999;27:143–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Hardaker WT, Garrett WE, Bassett FH. Evaluation of acute traumatic hemarthrosis of the knee joint. South Med J. 1990;83(6):640–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Anderson AF, Anderson CN. Correlation of meniscal and articular cartilage injuries in children and adolescents with timing of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:275–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Culvenor AG, et al. Accelerated return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and early knee osteoarthritis features at 1 year: an exploratory study. PM R. 2017;10(4):349–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2017.09.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Wind WM, Bergfeld JA, Parker RD. Evaluation and treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries: revisited. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:1765–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Agolley D, Gabr A, Benjamin-Laing H, Haddad FS. Successful return to sports in athletes following non-operative management of acute isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries: medium-term follow-up. Bone Joint J. 2017;99-B:774–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Parolie JM, Bergfeld JA. Long-term results of nonoperative treatment of isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries in the athlete. Am J Sports Med. 1986;14:35–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Patel DV, Allen AA, Warren RF, Wickiewicz TL, Simonian PT. The nonoperative treatment of acute, isolated (partial or complete) posterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees: an intermediate-term follow-up study. HSS J. 2007;3:137–46.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Woodmass JM, et al. Poly-traumatic multi-ligament knee injuries: is the knee the limiting factor? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;26(9):2865–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-017-4784-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Logan M, Williams A, Lavelle J, Gedroyc W, Freeman M. The effect of posterior cruciate ligament deficiency on knee kinematics. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:1915–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Allen CR, Kaplan LD, Fluhme DJ, Harner CD. Posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2002;l14:142–9.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Sekiya JK, Whiddon DR, Zehms CT, Miller MD. A clinically relevant assessment of posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner injuries. Evaluation of isolated and combined deficiency. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90:1621–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Rosenthal MD, Rainey CE, Tognoni A, Worms R. Evaluation and management of posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Phys Ther Sport. 2012;13:196–208.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Jansson KS, Costello KE, O’Brien L, Wijdicks CA, Laprade RF. A historical perspective of PCL bracing. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21:1064–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Fowler PJ, Messieh SS. Isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15:553–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Bedi A, Musahl V, Cowan JB. Management of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: an evidence-based review. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2016;24:277–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Lopez-Vidriero E, Simon DA, Johnson DH. Initial evaluation of posterior cruciate ligament injuries: history, physical examination, imaging studies, surgical and nonsurgical indications. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2010;18:230–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Hammoud S, Reinhardt KR, Marx RG. Outcomes of posterior cruciate ligament treatment: a review of the evidence. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2010;18:280–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Pierce CM, O’Brien L, Griffin LW, Laprade RF. Posterior cruciate ligament tears: functional and postoperative rehabilitation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013;21:1071–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Voos JE, Mauro CS, Wente T, Warren RF, Wickiewicz TL. Posterior cruciate ligament: anatomy, biomechanics, and outcomes. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40:222–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Harner CD, Höher J. Evaluation and treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:471–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Craft JA, Kurzweil PR. Physical examination and imaging of medial collateral ligament and posteromedial corner of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2015;23:e1–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Duffy PS, Miyamoto RG. Management of medial collateral ligament injuries in the knee: an update and review. Phys Sportsmed. 2010;38:48–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Schein A, et al. Structure and function, injury, pathology, and treatment of the medial collateral ligament of the knee. Emerg Radiol. 2012;19:489–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Lundberg M, Messner K. Long-term prognosis of isolated partial medial collateral ligament ruptures. A ten-year clinical and radiographic evaluation of a prospectively observed group of patients. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:160–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Lundberg M, Messner K. Ten-year prognosis of isolated and combined medial collateral ligament ruptures. A matched comparison in 40 patients using clinical and radiographic evaluations. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25:2–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Warren LF, Marshall JL. The supporting structures and layers on the medial side of the knee: an anatomical analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61:56–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Narvani A, Mahmud T, Lavelle J, Williams A. Injury to the proximal deep medial collateral ligament: a problematical subgroup of injuries. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92:949–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Fanelli GC, Harris JD. Surgical treatment of acute medial collateral ligament and posteromedial corner injuries of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2006;14:78–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Menzer H, Treme G, Wascher D. Surgical treatment of medial instability of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2015;23:77–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Smyth MP, Koh JL. A review of surgical and nonsurgical outcomes of medial knee injuries. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2015;23:e15–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Stannard JP. Medial and posteromedial instability of the knee: evaluation, treatment, and results. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2010;18:263–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Wang JC, Shapiro MS. Pellegrini-Stieda syndrome. Am J Orthop. 1995;24:493–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Kurzweil PR, Kelley ST. Physical examination and imaging of the medial collateral ligament and posteromedial corner of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2006;14:67–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Laprade RF, Bernhardson AS, Griffith CJ, Macalena JA, Wijdicks CA. Correlation of valgus stress radiographs with medial knee ligament injuries: an in vitro biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38:330–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Bollier M, Smith PA. Anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament injuries. J Knee Surg. 2014;27:359–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Jiang KN, West RV. Management of Chronic Combined ACL medial posteromedial instability of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2015;23:85–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Blaha JD, Mancinelli CA, Simons WH, Kish VL, Thyagarajan G. Kinematics of the human knee using an open chain cadaver model. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;410:25–34.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Lunden JB, Bzdusek PJ, Monson JK, Malcomson KW, Laprade RF. Current concepts in the recognition and treatment of posterolateral corner injuries of the knee. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010;40:502–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Ranawat A, Baker CL, Henry S, Harner CD. Posterolateral corner injury of the knee: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008;16:506–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Malone AA, Dowd GSE, Saifuddin A. Injuries of the posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral corner of the knee. Injury. 2006;37:485–501.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Davies H, Unwin A, Aichroth P. The posterolateral corner of the knee. Anatomy, biomechanics and management of injuries. Injury. 2004;35:68–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Johnson ME, Foster L, DeLee JC. Neurologic and vascular injuries associated with knee ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:2448–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Frank JB, Youm T, Meislin RJ, Rokito AS. Posterolateral corner injuries of the knee. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2007;65:106–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Helgeson MD, Lehman RA, Murphy KP. Initial evaluation of the acute and chronic multiple ligament injured knee. J Knee Surg. 2005;18:213–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Tay AKL, MacDonald PB. Complications associated with treatment of multiple ligament injured (dislocated) knee. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2011;19:153–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Peskun CJ, et al. Diagnosis and management of knee dislocations. Phys Sportsmed. 2010;38:101–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Seroyer ST, Musahl V, Harner CD. Management of the acute knee dislocation: the Pittsburgh experience. Injury. 2008;39:710–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Kim BS, Kim YW, Song EK, Seon JK, Do Kang K, Kim HN. Simultaneous bilateral quadriceps tendon rupture in a patient with chronic renal failure. Knee Surg Relat Res. 2012;24(1):56–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Omar M, Haas P, Ettinger M, Krettek C, Petri M. Simultaneous bilateral quadriceps tendon rupture following long-term low-dose nasal corticosteroid application. Case Rep Orthop. 2013;2013:1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Hockings M, Cameron JC. Patella baja following chronic quadriceps tendon rupture. Knee. 2004;11(2):95–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Hanson CA, Weinhold PS, Afshari HM, Dahners LE. The effect of analgesic agents on the healing rat medial collateral ligament. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:674–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Warden SJ, et al. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug delays knee ligament healing. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:1094–102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Steffen Sauer .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 ISAKOS

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Sauer, S., Clatworthy, M. (2019). Traumatic Knee Injuries. In: Margheritini, F., Espregueira-Mendes, J., Gobbi, A. (eds) Complex Knee Ligament Injuries. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58245-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58245-9_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-58244-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-58245-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics