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Piezoelectricity

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Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators

Part of the book series: Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering ((TMMME))

Abstract

In this chapter, we will discuss the physical effect of piezoelectricity, which describes the interconnection of mechanical and electrical quantities within materials. Sect. 3.1 details the principle of the piezoelectric effect. Thereby, a clear distinction is made between the direct and the inverse piezoelectric effect. Since different coupling mechanisms take place within piezoelectric materials, we will conduct in Sect. 3.2 thermodynamical considerations allowing a distinct separation of the coupling mechanisms. Subsequently, the material law for linear piezoelectricity will be derived that is given by the constitutive equations for piezoelectricity. By means of these equations, one is able to connect mechanical and electrical quantities. In Sect. 3.4, the electromechanical coupling within piezoelectric materials is classified. This includes intrinsic and extrinsic effects as well as different modes of piezoelectricity. Afterward, we introduce electromechanical coupling factors, which rate the efficiency of energy conversion within piezoelectric materials, i.e., from mechanical to electrical energy and vice versa. Section 3.6 finally concentrates on the internal structure of various piezoelectric materials (e.g., piezoceramic materials), the underlying manufacturing process as well as typical material parameters.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Sometimes, the inverse piezoelectric effect is named reverse or converse piezoelectric effect.

  2. 2.

    Energy per unit volume is equivalent to energy density.

  3. 3.

    In accordance with the relevant literature, the space directions are denoted by \(\{1,2,3\}\) instead of \(\{x,y,z\}\); \(\{i,j,k,l,m,n\} =\{1,2,3\}\); Einstein summation convention, i.e., \(T_{ij} S_{ij}=\sum \limits _{i,j} T_{ij} S_{ij}\).

  4. 4.

    The remanent electric polarization is also known as orientation polarization.

  5. 5.

    \(P_{\mathrm {r}}\) and \(S_{\mathrm {r}}\) coincide with \(\Vert \mathbf {P}^{\mathrm {irr}}\Vert _2\) and \(\Vert \mathbf {S}^{\mathrm {irr}}\Vert _2\) from (3.35) and (3.36).

  6. 6.

    The acoustic impedance of piezoceramic materials exceeds \(20\cdot 10^6\,{\mathrm{N}\,\mathrm{s}\,\mathrm{{m}}^{-3}}\).

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  1. Lehrstuhl für Sensorik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Stefan Johann Rupitsch

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Correspondence to Stefan Johann Rupitsch .

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Rupitsch, S.J. (2019). Piezoelectricity. In: Piezoelectric Sensors and Actuators. Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57534-5_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57534-5_3

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