Skip to main content

Sports Injuries in Throwing Athletes

  • Chapter
ESSKA Instructional Course Lecture Book

Abstract

Please check the hierarchy of the section headings and correct if necessary.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Schroeder AN, Comstock RD, Collins CL, Everhart J, Flanigan D, Best TM. Epidemiology of overuse injuries among high-school athletes in the United States. J Pediatr. 2015;166:600–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Posner M, Cameron KL, Wolf JM, Belmont PJ Jr, Owens BD. Epidemiology of major league baseball injuries. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39:1676–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Conte S, Camp CL, Dines JS. Injury trends in major league baseball over 18 seasons: 1998-2015. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2016;45:116–23.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Fleisig GS, Andrews JR, Dillman CJ, Escamilla RF. Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:233–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Chalmers PN, Wimmer MA, Verma NN, Cole BJ, Romeo AA, Cvetanovich GL, Pearl ML. The relationship between pitching mechanics and injury. Sports Health. 2017;9:216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Almeida GP, Silveira PF, Rosseto NP, Barbosa G, Ejnisman B, Cohen M. Glenohumeral range of motion in handball players with and without throwing-related shoulder pain. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2013;22(5):602–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Crockett HC, Gross LB, Wilk KE, Schwartz ML, Dugas JR, Meister K, et al. Osseous adaptation and range of motion at the glenohumeral joint in professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:20–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Dines JS, Frank JB, Akerman M, Yocum LA. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficits in baseball players with ulnar collateral ligament insufficiency. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(3):566–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Garrison JC, Cole MA, Conway JE, Macko MJ, Thigpen C, Shanley E. Shoulder range of motion deficits in baseball players with an ulnar collateral ligament tear. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(11):2597–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Fleisig GS, Aune KT, Porterfield RA, Harker P, Evans TJ, Andrews JR. Deficits in glenohumeral passive range of motion increase risk of elbow injury in professional baseball pitchers: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(9):2075–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Wilk KE, Meister K, Andrews JR. Current concepts in the rehabilitation of the overhead throwing athlete. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(1):136–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Wilk KE, Macrina LC, Fleisig GS, et al. Correlation of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and total rotational motion to shoulder injuries in professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(2):329–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Dugas JR. Valgus extension overload: diagnosis and treatment. Clin Sports Med. 2010;29:645–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Cain EL, Dugas JR, Wolf RS, Andrews JR. Elbow injuries in throwing athletes: a current concepts review. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31(4):621–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Rossy WH, Oh LS. Pitcher’s elbow: medial elbow pain in the overhead-throwing athlete. Curr Rev Muscoskelet Med. 2016;9:207–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Van der Bekerom MP, Eygendaal D. Posterior elbow problems in the overhead athlete. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2014;22(3):183–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Cohen SB, Valko C, Zoga A, Dodson CC, Ciccotti MG. Posteromedial elbow impingement: magnetic resonance imaging findings in overhead throwing athletes and results of arthroscopic treatment. Arthroscopy. 2011;27(10):1364–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Bennet GE. Elbow and shoulder lesions of baseball players. Am J Surg. 1959;98:484–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Abrams GD, Renstrom PA, Safran MR. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injury in the tennis player. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46:492–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Shiri R, Viikari-Juntura E, Varonen H, Heliövaara M. Prevalence and determinants of lateral and medial epicondylitis: a population study. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;164:1065–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Runge F. Zur genese und behandlung des schreiberskrampfes. Berl Klein Wochenschr. 1873;10:245–8.

    Google Scholar 

  22. De Smedt T, de Jong A, Van Leemput W, Lieven D, Van Glabbeek F. Lateral epicondylitis in tennis: update on aetiology, biomechanics and treatment. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(11):816–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.036723.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Leadbetter WB. Cell-matrix response in tendon injury. Clin Sports Med. 1992;11:533–78.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Nirschl RP, Ashman ES. Tennis elbow tendinosis (epicondylitis). Instr Course Lect. 2004;53:587–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cyriax JH. The pathology and treatment of tennis elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1936;18:921–40.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Werner CO. Lateral elbow pain and posterior interosseous nerve entrapment. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1979;174:1–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Cerezal L, Rodriguez-Sammartino M, Canga A, et al. Elbow synovial fold syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;201:W88–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Binder AI, Hazleman BL. Lateral humeral epicondylitis--a study of natural history and the effect of conservative therapy. Br J Rheumatol. 1983;22:73–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Longacre MD, Baker CL. Arthroscopic management of lateral epicondylitis. Oper Tech Sports Med. 2014;22:142–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Dunkow PD, Jatti M, Muddu BN. A comparison of open and percutaneous techniques in the surgical treatment of tennis elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86:701–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Moradi A, Ebrahimzadeh MH, Jupiter JB. Radial tunnel syndrome, diagnostic and treatment dilemma. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2015;3:156–62.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Naam NH, Nemani S. Radial tunnel syndrome. Orthop Clin North Am. 2012;43:529–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Rempel D, Dahlin L, Lundborg G. Pathophysiology of nerve compression syndromes: response of peripheral nerves to loading. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:1600–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sarhadi NS, Korday SN, Bainbridge LC. Radial tunnel syndrome: diagnosis and management. J Hand Surg (Br). 1998;23:617–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Peterson M, Butler S, Eriksson M, Svärdsudd K. A randomized controlled trial of exercise versus wait-list in chronic tennis elbow (lateral epicondylosis). Ups J Med Sci. 2011;116:269–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Huisstede B, Miedema HS, van Opstal T, de Ronde MT, Verhaar JA, Koes BW. Interventions for treating the radial tunnel syndrome: a systematic review of observational studies. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2008;33:72–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Morrey BF, An KN. Functional anatomy of the ligaments of the elbow. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;(201):84–90.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Charalambous CP, Stanley JK. Posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008;90:272–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lee A, Lee-Robinson A. Evaluating concomitant lateral epicondylitis and cervical radiculopathy: a correlation was found, suggesting comanagement of the disorders. J Muscoskelet Med. 2010;27:111.

    Google Scholar 

  40. O’Driscoll SW, Goncalves LB, Dietz P. The hook test for distal biceps tendon avulsion. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(11):1865–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Vandenberghe M, van Riet R. Distal biceps ruptures: open and endoscopic techniques. Curr Rev Muscoskelet Med. 2016;9(2):215–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Lobo Lda G, Fessell DP, Miller BS, Kelly A, Lee JY, Brandon C, et al. The role of sonography in differentiating full versus partial distal biceps tendon tears: correlation with surgical findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200(1):158–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Festa A, Mulieri PJ, Newman JS, Spitz DJ, Leslie BM. Effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging in detecting partial and complete distal biceps tendon rupture. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2010;35(1):77–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Behun MA, Geeslin AG, O’Hagan EC, King JC. Partial tears of the distal biceps brachii tendon: a systematic review of surgical outcomes. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2016;41(7):e175–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Bain GI, Johnson LJ, Turner PC. Treatment of partial distal biceps tendon tears. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2008;16(3):154–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Ruch DS, Watters TS, Wartinbee DA, Richard MJ, Leversedge FJ, Mithani SK. Anatomic findings and complications after surgical treatment of chronic, partial distal biceps tendon tears: a case cohort comparison study. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2014;39(8):1572–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Gaston RG, Loeffler BJ. Sports-specific injuries of the hand and wrist. Clin Sports Med. 2015;34(1):1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Rettig AC. Athletic injuries of the wrist and hand. Part 1. Traumatic injuries of the wrist. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:1038–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Amadio PC. Epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries in sports. Hand Clin. 1990;6:379–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mirabello SC, Loeb PE, Andrews JR. The wrist: field evaluation and treatment. Clin Sports Med. 1992;11:1–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Werner SL, Plancher KD. Biomechanics of wrist injuries in sports. Clin Sports Med. 1997;17:407–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Ryu JY, Cooney WP III, Askew JL, et al. Functional range of motion of the wrist joint. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1991;16:409–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Pappas AM, Morgan WJ, Schulz LA, et al. Wrist kinematics during pitching. A preliminary report. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:312–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Rettig AC. Elbow, forearm and wrist injuries in the athlete. Sports Med. 1998;25(2):115–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Palmer AK, Werner FW. Biomechanics of the distal radioulnar joint. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;(187):26–35.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Jarrett CD, Baratz ME. The management of ulnocarpal abutment and degenerative triangular fibrocartilage complex tears in the competitive athlete. Hand Clin. 2012;28(3):329–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Friedman SL, Palmer AK, Short WH, et al. The change in ulnar variance with grip. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1993;18(4):713–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Tomaino MM. The importance of the pronated grip X-ray view in evaluating ulnar variance. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2000;25(2):352–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. DeSmet L, Claessens A, Lefevre J, et al. Gymnast wrist: an epidemiological survey of the ulnar variance in the elite female gymnasts. Am J Sports Med. 1994;22:846–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. DiFiori JP, Caine DJ, Malina RM. Wrist pain, distal radial physeal injury, and ulnar variance in the young gymnast. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:840–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Watson HK, Ballet FL. The SLAC wrist: scapholunate advanced collapse pattern of degenerative arthritis. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1984;9(3):358–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Moyer NT, Quinlan A, Shafritz N, Morrell AB. Scapholunate and perilunate injuries in the athlete. Curr Rev Muscoskelet Med. 2017;10:45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Anderson H, Hoy G. Orthotic intervention incorporating the dart- thrower’s motion as part of conservative management guidelines for treatment of scapholunate injury. J Hand Ther. 2016;29(2):199–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Geissler WB, Freeland AE, Savoie FH, et al. Intracarpal soft tissue lesions associated with an intra-articular fracture of the distal end of the radius. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78:357–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Paci GM, Yao J. Surgical techniques for the treatment of carpal ligament injury in the athlete. Clin Sports Med. 2015;34(1):11–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2014.09.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Nathan R, Blatt G. Rotary subluxation of the scaphoid. Revisited. Hand Clin. 2000;16:417–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Stark HH, Chao EK, Zemel NP, et al. Fracture of the hook of the hamate. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71:1202–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Fufa DT, Goldfarb CA. Sports injuries of the wrist. Curr Rev Muscoskelet Med. 2013;6:35–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Bishop AT, Beckenbaugh RD. Fracture of the hamate hook. J Hand Surg. 1988;13A:135–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Whalen JL, Bishop AT, Linscheid RL. Nonoperative treatment of acute hamate hook fractures. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1992;17(3):507–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Carroll RE, Lakin JF. Fracture of the hook of the hamate: acute treatment. J Trauma. 1993;34(6):803–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Aldridge JM III, Mallon WJ. Hook of the hamate fractures in competitive golfers: results of treatment by excision of the hook of the hamate. Orthopedics. 2003;26(7):717–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Trehan SK, Weiland AJ. Baseball and softball injuries: elbow, wrist, and hand. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2015;40(4):826–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Demirkan F, Calandruccio JH, DiAngelo D. Biomechanical evaluation of flexor tendon function after hamate hook excision. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2003;28(1):138–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Gupta A, Risitano G, Crawford R, et al. Fractures of the hook of the hamate. Injury. 1989;20:284–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Parker RD, Berkowitz MS, Brahms MA, et al. Hook of the hamate fractures in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 1986;14:517–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Chen NC, Jupiter JB, Jebson PJ. Sports-related wrist injuries in adults. Sports Health. 2009;1(6):469–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Ko JH, Wiedrich TA. Triangular fibrocartilage complex injuries in the elite athlete. Hand Clin. 2012;28:307–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Avery DM, Rodner CM, Edgar CM. Sports-related wrist and hand injuries: a review. J Orthop Surg Res. 2016;11:99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Potter HG, Asnis-Ernberg L, Weiland AJ, et al. The utility of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of the triangular fibrocartilage complex of the wrist. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79:1675–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Blazar PE, Chan PS, Kneeland JB, et al. The effect of observer experience on magnetic resonance imaging interpretation and localization of triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2001;26:742–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Geissler WB, Short WH. Repair of peripheral radial TFCC tears. In: Geissler WB, editor. Wrist arthroscopy. New York: Springer; 2005. p. 42–9.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  83. Palmer AK. Triangular fibrocartilage complex lesions: a classification. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1989;14(4):594–606.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Trumble TE, Gilbert M, Vedder N. Isolated tears of the triangular fibrocartilage: management by early arthroscopic repair. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1997;22:57–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. DeAraujo W, Poehling G, Kuzma G. New Tuohy needle technique for triangular fibrocartilage complex repair: preliminary studies. Arthroscopy. 1996;12:699–703.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Corso S, Savoie F, Geissler W, et al. Arthroscopic repair of peripheral avulsions of the triangular fibrocartilage complex of the wrist: a multicenter study. Arthroscopy. 1997;13:78–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Estrella EP, Hung LK, Ho PC, et al. Arthroscopic repair of triangular fibrocartilage complex tears. Arthroscopy. 2007;23:729–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Spinner M, Kaplan E. Extensor carpi ulnaris. Its relationship to the stability of the distal radio-ulnar joint. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1970;68:124–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Campbell D, Campbell R, O’Connor P, Hawkes R. Sports-related extensor carpi ulnaris pathology: a review of functional anatomy, sports injury and management. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(17):1105–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Pang EQ, Yao J. Ulnar-sided wrist pain in the athlete (TFCC/DRUJ/ECU). Curr Rev Muscoskelet Med. 2017;10:53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Montalvan B. Extensor carpi ulnaris injuries in tennis players: a study of 28 cases. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(5):424–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Stathopoulos IP, Raptis K, Ballas EG, Spyridonos S-PG. Recurrent dislocation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon in a water-polo athlete. Trauma Mon. 2016;21(1):e19551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Burkhart S, Wood M, Linscheid R. Posttraumatic recurrent subluxation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon. J Hand Surg [Am]. 1982;7(1):1–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Inoue G, Tamura Y. Surgical treatment for recurrent dislocation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon. J Hand Surg Br. 2001;26(6):556–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. MacLennan AJ, Nemechek NM, Waitayawinyu T, et al. Diagnosis and anatomic reconstruction of extensor carpi ulnaris subluxation. J Hand Surg [Am]. 2008;33:59–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Allende C, Le Viet D. Extensor carpi ulnaris problems at the wrist—classification, surgical treatment and results. J Hand Surg Br. 2005;30(3):265–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Oskar Zupanc .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 ESSKA

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zupanc, O. et al. (2018). Sports Injuries in Throwing Athletes. In: Kerkhoffs, G.M.M.J., Haddad, F., Hirschmann, M.T., Karlsson, J., Seil, R. (eds) ESSKA Instructional Course Lecture Book. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56127-0_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56127-0_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-56126-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-56127-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics