Die humorale Immunantwort

Appendices

Aufgaben

1 10.1 Multiple Choice

Welche der folgenden Wirkungen ist keine Effektorfunktion von Antikörpern?

• A. Opsonisierung

• B. Neutralisierung

• C. Komplementaktivierung

• D. gekoppelte Erkennung

• E. Degranulierung der Mastzellen

1 10.2 Kurze Antwort

Der Impfstoff gegen Haemophilus influenzae Typ b (Hib) bestand ursprünglich nur aus der Polysaccharidkapsel des Mikroorganismus. Damit war es jedoch nicht möglich, wirksame Antikörperreaktionen auszulösen. Wenn man das Hib-Polysaccharid direkt mit dem Tetanus- oder Diphtherietoxoid verknüpft, kommt es zu sehr wirksamen Antikörperreaktionen gegen Hib; der zurzeit verwendete Impfstoff ist so aufgebaut. Welcher immunologische Effekt wird genutzt, wenn man aus der Hib-Kapsel stammende Polysaccharide mit einem Toxoid koppelt, und wie entsteht dadurch eine wirksame Antikörperreaktion?

1 10.3 Bitte zuordnen

Bei T-abhängigen Antikörperreaktionen kommt es zu zahlreichen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Rezeptoren und Liganden sowie zu Cytokinsignalen zwischen T_FH-Zellen und aktivierten B-Zellen. Welcher der folgenden Oberflächenrezeptoren und Liganden wird von T-Zellen (T), B-Zellen (B), beiden Zelltypen (TB) oder keinem der beiden (N) produziert?

• A. IL-21

• B. ICOSL

• C. CD40L

• D. CD30L

• E. Peptid:MHC II

• F. CCL21

• G. SLAM

1 10.4 Bitte zuordnen

Welche der folgenden Krankheiten des Menschen hängt mit welchem Gendefekt zusammen?

A.	X-gekoppeltes lymphoproliferatives Syndrom	i.	Transläsions-DNA-Polymerase Polη
B.	Hyper-IgM-Immunschwäche Typ 2	ii.	ATM (eine Kinase der DNA-PKcs-Familie)
C.	Xeroderma pigmentosum	iii.	SLAM-assoziiertes Protein (SAP)
D.	Ataxia teleangiectatica	iv.	aktivierungsinduzierte Cytidin-Desaminase

1 10.5 Bitte zuordnen

Welche der folgenden Eigenschaften treffen auf IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG und/oder IgM zu?

• A. wird bei der humoralen Immunantwort als Erstes produziert

• B. Monomere (vorherrschende Form)

• C. Dimere (vorherrschende Form)

• D. Pentamere (vorherrschende Form)

• E. enthält eine J-Kette

• F. kann Komplementanlagerung auslösen

• G. häufigste Form an mucosalen Oberflächen und in Sekreten

• H. geringe Affinität

• I. an Mastzellen gebunden

• J. bindet an den Immunglobulinpolymerrezeptor (pIgR)

• K. bindet an den neonatalen Fc-Rezeptor

1 10.6 Kurze Antwort

Wie unterscheidet sich TRIM21, eine neu entdeckte Art von Fc-Rezeptoren, von anderen Fc-Rezeptoren?

1 10.7 Multiple Choice

Welche der folgenden Funktionen wird durch die Bindung von Antikörpern an Fcγ-Rezeptoren nicht ausgelöst?

• A. antikörperabhängige zellvermittelte Cytotoxizität (ADCC) über NK-Zellen

• B. Phagocytose durch neutrophile Zellen

• C. Degranulierung von Mastzellen

• D. Herunterregulieren der B-Zell-Aktivität

• E. Aufnahme von Immunkomplexen durch dendritische Zellen

1 10.8 Multiple Choice

Welche der folgenden Aussagen ist falsch?

• A. Das Überleben der naiven B-Zellen in den Follikeln hängt von BAFF ab, der Signale über BAFF-R, TACI und BCMA übermittelt und so die Expression von Bcl-2 auslöst.

• B. Der subkapsuläre Sinus der Lymphknoten und der Randsinus der Milz sind in der Funktion ähnliche Regionen, die mit spezialisierten Makrophagen angefüllt sind, die Antigene festhalten, aber nicht in sich aufnehmen.

• C. ICOS-Signale in T-Zellen sind für die vollständige Differenzierung von T_FH-Zellen und die Expression der Transkriptionsfaktoren Bcl-6 und c-Maf essenziell.

• D. Sowohl Plasmablasten als auch Plasmazellen exprimieren costimulierende B7-Moleküle, MHC-Klasse-II-Moleküle und große Mengen an B-Zell-Rezeptoren.

• E. T_FH-Zellen bestimmen beim Klassenwechsel in T-abhängigen Antikörperreaktionen die Auswahl des Isotyps.

1 10.9 Richtig oder falsch

Die Keimzentren enthalten eine helle und eine dunkle Zone. In der hellen Zone findet eine starke Proliferation der B-Zellen statt, die man als Centroblasten bezeichnet. Sie werden dort durch CXCL12-CXCR4-Chemokinsignale festgehalten und durchlaufen die somatische Hypermutation. Diese führt zur Affinitätsreifung und zum Isotypwechsel. In der dunklen Zone beenden die B-Zellen die Proliferation und man bezeichnet sie als Centrocyten. Hier werden sie von CXCL13-CXCR5-Chemokinsignalen festgehalten, exprimieren größere Mengen des B-Zell-Rezeptors und interagieren intensiv mit T_FH-Zellen.

1 10.10 Multiple Choice

Welche Aussage trifft zu?

• A. R-Schleifen sind Strukturen, die bei der somatischen Hypermutation entstehen; sie fördern die Zugänglichkeit der V-Regionen der Immunglobuline für AID.

• B. APE1 entfernt ein desaminiertes Cytosin, wodurch eine abasische Stelle entsteht, sodass bei der nächsten Runde der DNA-Replikation an dieser Stelle eine beliebige Base eingebaut werden kann.

• C. Während einer Klassenwechselrekombination kann es zu keinen Mutationen mit Rasterverschiebung kommen, da die Switch-Regionen in Introns liegen.

• D. Die fehleranfällige MSH2/6-Polymerase repariert DNA-Schäden und verursacht Mutationen, die die somatische Hypermutation unterstützen.

1 10.11 Bitte ergänzen

Fc-Rezeptoren diversifizieren die Effektorfunktionen der jeweiligen Antikörperisotypen. Die meisten Fc-Rezeptoren können die Fc-Regionen von Antikörpern mit _______ Affinität binden. Im Gegensatz dazu bindet FcεRI mit _______ Affinität. Durch multivalente Antigene gebundene IgE-Antikörper können an _______ in Mastzellen binden und führen zur Freisetzung von Lipidmediatoren wie _______ und _______. Mastzellen degranulieren auch als Reaktion auf eine Quervernetzung der an Fc-Rezeptoren gebundenen IgE-Moleküle, wodurch es zur Freisetzung von _______ kommt. In der Folge nehmen der lokale Blutfluss und _______ zu, sodass eine Entzündungsreaktion in Gang gesetzt wird.

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1.2 Literatur zu den einzelnen Abschnitten

1.2.1 Abschnitt 10.1.1

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1.2.2 Abschnitt 10.1.2

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1.2.3 Abschnitt 10.1.3

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1.2.4 Abschnitt 10.1.4

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1.2.5 Abschnitt 10.1.5

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1.2.6 Abschnitt 10.1.6

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1.2.7 Abschnitt 10.1.7

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1.2.8 Abschnitt 10.1.8

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1.2.9 Abschnitt 10.1.9

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1.2.10 Abschnitt 10.1.10

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1.2.11 Abschnitt 10.1.11

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1.2.12 Abschnitt 10.1.12

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1.2.13 Abschnitt 10.1.13

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1.2.14 Abschnitt 10.1.14

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1.2.15 Abschnitt 10.2.1

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