Contemporary Constitution and the Cultural Paradigm

Atilgan, Aydin

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-55647-4_5

Aydin Atilgan⁵

Part of the book series: Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht ((BEITRÄGE,volume 275))

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Abstract

As commonly underlined by the contributions to this field, the meaning of culture is highly blurred. While the traditional meaning of culture includes “everything humanly produced,” contemporary studies rather point to its features as a system of symbols, meanings and “their associated social practices”.

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Notes

1.
Susan S. Silbey, “Legal Culture and Cultures of Legality,” in Handbook of Cultural Sociology, ed. John R. Hall, Laura Grindstaff and Ming- Cheng Lo (London: Routledge, 2010), 471.
2.
Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic, 1973), 14, cited by Ibid., 471.
3.
Michael King, “Comparing Legal Cultures in the Quest for Law’s Identity,” in Comparing Legal Cultures ed. David Nelken (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1997).
4.
S.N. Eisenstadt, “The Order-maintaining and Order-transforming Dimensions of Culture,” in Theory of Culture, ed. Richard Münch and Neil J. Smelser (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 83.
5.
Ibid. 67.
6.
Hans Vorländer, “What is ‘Constitutional Cultures’?,” in Constitutional Cultures: On the Concept and Representation of Constitutions in the Atlantic World, ed. Silke Hensel et al. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012), 22.
7.
Geoffrey Samuel, “Comparative Law and Its Methodology,” in Research Methods in Law, ed. Dawn Watkins and Mandy Burton (London: Routledge, 2013), 102.
8.
Silbey, “Legal Culture and Cultures of Legality,” 473.
9.
Susan Silbey, “Legal Culture and Legal Consciousness,” in International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Science, ed. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001), 8625.
10.
Lawrence M. Friedman, Law and Society: An Introduction (New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc., 1977), 76.
11.
Silbey, “Legal Culture and Cultures of Legality,” 474. Emphasis belongs to original text.
12.
Ibid., 474.
13.
For example: Jeffrey Goldsworthy, “Constitutional Cultures, Democracy, and Unwritten, Principles,” University of Illinois Law Review 2012, no. 3 (2012): 683-710. Reva B. Siegel, “Constitutional Culture, Social Movement Conflict and Constitutional Change: The Case of the De Facto ERA” (Faculty Scholarship Series no. 1097, 2006, http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/1097), 1347, last visit 19.01.2014. David Schneiderman, “Property Rights and Regulatory Innovation: Comparing Constitutional Cultures,” International Journal of Constitutional Law 4, no. 2 (2006): 371–391
14.
David Schneiderman, “Banging Constitutional Bibles: Observing Constitutional Culture in Transition,” University of Toronto Law Journal 55, no. 3 (2005): 836.
15.
Peer Zumbansen, “Carving Out Typologies and Accounting for Differences Across Systems: Towards a Methodology of Transnational Constitutionalism,” in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 96.
16.
Nikolai Wenzel, “From Contract to Mental Model: Constitutional Culture as a Fact of the Social Sciences,” Review of Austrian Economy 23 (2010): 61.
17.
James Tully, Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 5.
18.
Vorländer, “What is ‘Constitutional Cultures’,” 25.
19.
Rett R. Ludwikowski,“Constitutional Culture of the New East-Central European Democracies,” Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 29 (2000): 4.
20.
Dieter Grimm, “Types of Constitutions,” in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 115.
21.
Vorländer, “What is ‘Constitutional Cultures’,” 26.
22.
Daniel J. Elazar, “Globalization Meets the World’s Political Cultures,” Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles3/polcult.htm, last visit 06.10.2015.
23.
Ibid.
24.
Vorländer, “What is ‘Constitutional Cultures’,” 26.
25.
Ibid. 27.
26.
Daniel P. Franklin and Michael J. Baun, “Introduction,” in Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A Comparative Approach, ed. Daniel Franklin and Michael Baun (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 4.
27.
Silke Hensel, “Constitutional Cultures in the Atlantic World During the ‘Age of Revolutions’,” in Constitutional Cultures: On the Concept and Representation of Constitutions in the Atlantic World, ed. Silke Hensel et al. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012), 6.
28.
Ibid.
29.
Vorländer, “What is ‘Constitutional Cultures’,” 23.
30.
Ibid., 21.
31.
Roe v. Wade, 410 US 113 (1973) and Schwangerschaftsabbruch II, BVerfGE 88, 203, cited by Ibid. 22.
32.
Donald P. Kommers, “German Constitutionalism: A Prolegomenon” (Scholarly Works Paper no. 98, 1991, http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship/98), 867, last visit 14.04.2014.
33.
Deshaney v. Winnebago County, 489 US 189 (1989), cited by Ibid., 868.
34.
Ibid., 872.
35.
Erhard Denninger, “Judicial Review Revisited: The German Experience,” Tulane Law Review 59 (1984-5): 1016.
36.
Vorländer, “What is ‘Constitutional Cultures’,” 22.
37.
Ibid., 31.
38.
Ibid.
39.
Ibid., 33-35.
40.
Goldsworthy, “Constitutional Cultures,” 685.
41.
Ibid., 686.
42.
Vorländer, “What is ‘Constitutional Cultures?’,” 36.
43.
Ibid. 24.
44.
Jeffrey Goldsworthy, “Constitutional Interpretation,” in Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 712.
45.
Louis Henkin, “A New Birth of Constitutionalism: Genetic Influences and Genetic Defects,” Cardozo Law Review 14, no. 3-2 (1992 – 1993): 536.
46.
Richard Münch, “Constructing a European Society by Jurisdiction,” European Law Journal 14 (2008): 519-541.
47.
Richard Münch, Die Struktur der Moderne: Grundmuster und differentielle Gestaltung des institutionellen Aufbaus der modernen Gesellschaften (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1984), 336.
48.
Ibid., 303.
49.
Ibid., 311.
50.
Ibid., 315.
51.
Ibid., 338.
52.
Ibid., 334.
53.
Ibid., 335.
54.
Ibid., 336.
55.
Ibid., 354.
56.
Ibid., 336.
57.
Ibid., 354.
58.
Naomi Mezey, “Law as Culture,” in Law and Societies in Global Contexts: Contemporary Approaches, ed. Eve Darian-Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 57.
59.
Eve Darian-Smith, Laws and Societies in Global Contexts: Contemporary Approaches (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 41.
60.
David Nelken, “Using the Concept of Legal Culture” (UC Berkeley, Papers Presented in the Center for the Study of Law and Society Bag Lunch Speaker Series, 2004, http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7dk1j7hm) last visit 09.05.2013.
61.
Lawrence M. Friedman, The Legal System: A Social Science Perspective (New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1975), 194.
62.
Friedman, Law and Society, 75.
63.
Ibid., 72.
64.
Friedman, The Legal System, 194.
65.
Sally Engle Merry, “What is Legal Culture? An Anthropological Perspective,” Journal of Comparative Law 5 (2010): 40.
66.
Konrad Zweigert and Hein Kötz, An Introduction to Comparative Law, Tony Wier trans., 3rd ed. (1998), 67-68 cited by Charles H. Koch Jr., “Envisioning a Global Legal Culture,” Michigan Journal of International Law 25 (2003): 50.
67.
Ibid., 41.
68.
Ibid.,, 44.
69.
Friedman, Law and Society, 76.
70.
Ibid., 76.
71.
Friedman, The Legal System, 194.
72.
For different understandings of the concept: Silbey, “Legal Culture and Cultures of Legality.”
73.
David Nelken, “Towards a Sociology of Legal Adaptation” in Adapting Legal Cultures, ed. David Nelken and Johannes Feest (Portland: Hart Publishing, 2001), 25.
74.
Nelken, “Concept of Legal Culture.”
75.
Ibid.
76.
Merry, “What is Legal Culture,” 41.
77.
Nelken, “Concept of Legal Culture.”
78.
Silbey, “Legal Culture and Cultures of Legality,” 475-476.
79.
Mezey, “Law as Culture,” 60.
80.
Ibid., 62, 69.
81.
The first two are named as “Internal legal culture” and “external legal culture” by Friedman. Merry, “What is Legal Culture,” 43-44.
82.
Darian-Smith, Laws and Societies, 39.
83.
Ibid., 42.
84.
Ibid., 51.
85.
Merry, “What is Legal Culture?,” 41.
86.
Friedman, The Legal System, 195.
87.
Roger Cotterrell, “The Concept of Legal Culture,” in Comparing Legal Cultures, ed. David Nelken, (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1997), 21. Merry, “What is Legal Culture,” 41.
88.
Cotterrell, “Concept of Legal Culture,” 22.
89.
Here Friedman particularly notes that he does not refer to the “measured.” Ibid., 34.
90.
Ibid., 34.
91.
Ibid., 34.
92.
Ibid., 35.
93.
Ibid., 36.
94.
Grimm, “Types of Constitutions,” 108.
95.
Francis Snyder, “The Unfinished Constitution of the European Union: Principles, Process and Culture,” in European Constitutionalism Beyond the State, ed. J.H.H. Weiler and Marlene Wind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 60-69.
96.
Ibid., 69.
97.
Wenzel, “From Contract to Mental,” 57.
98.
Ibid., 59.
99.
Ibid., 61.
100.
Jason Mazzone, “The Creation of a Constitutional Culture,” Tulsa Law Review 40 (2005): 672.
101.
John Ferejohn, Jack N. Rakove and Jonathan Riley, “Editor’s Introduction,” in Constitutional Culture and Democratic Rule ed. John Ferejohn, Jack N. Rakove and Jonathan Riley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 10.
102.
Ibid., 11.
103.
Ibid.
104.
Ibid., 12.
105.
Ibid.
106.
Ibid.
107.
Ibid.
108.
Mazzone, “Creation of a Constitutional Culture,” 673.
109.
Ibid., 676.
110.
Wenzel, “From Contract to Mental,” 71.
111.
National Constitution of the Argentine Republic, http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Argentina/argen94_e.html, last visit 10.04.2015
112.
Wenzel, “From Contract to Mental,” 71.
113.
L Namier, 1848: The revolution of the intellectuals (London: Oxford University Press, 1944), 31 cited by Ibid.
114.
Goldsworthy, “Constitutional Interpretation,” 709.
115.
Donald P. Kommers, “Germany: Balancing Rights and Duties,” in Interpreting Constitutions, ed. Jeffrey Goldsworthy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 207-8, cited by Ibid., 710.
116.
Silbey, “Legal Culture and Legal Consciousness,” 8625.
117.
Howard Caygill and Alan Scott, “The Basic Law versus the Basic Norm? The Case of the Bavarian Crucifix Order,” in Constitutionalism in Transformation: European and Theoretical Perspectives, ed. Richard Bellamy and Dario Castiglione (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 99.
118.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Social Contract and Discourses, trans. GDH Cole (Dent, 1973), II vii: “The Legislator,” cited by Christine E.J. Schwöbel, Global Constitutionalism in International Legal Perspective (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2011), 106.
119.
Ibid., 106.
120.
Goldsworthy, “Constitutional Cultures,” 683.
121.
Dennis Kavanagh, “Political Culture in Great Britain: The Decline of the Civic Culture,” in The Civic Culture Revisited, ed. Gabriela A. Almond and Sidney Verba (London: Sage Publications, 1989), 124.
122.
Ibid., 125.
123.
William B. Gwyn, “Political Culture and Constitutionalism in Britain,” in Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A Comparative Approach, ed. Daniel P. Franklin and Michael Baun (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 20.
124.
Ariel L. Bendor and Zeev Segal, “Constitutionalism and Trust in Britain: An Ancient Constitutional Culture, A New Judicial Review Model,” American University International Law Review 17 (2001-2002): 701.
125.
Ibid., 701.
126.
Ibid., 699.
127.
Gwyn, “Political Culture,” 21.
128.
Bendor and Segal, “Constitutionalism and Trust,” 684.
129.
Gwyn, “Political Culture,” 13.
130.
Michel Rosenfeld, “Constitutional Identity,” in Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 764.
131.
Bendor and Segal, “Constitutionalism and Trust,” 686.
132.
Ibid., 685.
133.
Ibid., 689.
134.
Vorländer, “What is ‘Constitutional Cultures’,” 37.
135.
Rosenfeld, “Constitutional Identity,” 768.
136.
Michel Rosenfeld, “Constitutional Adjudication in Europe and the United States: Paradoxes and Contrasts,” International Journal of Constitutional Law 2 (2004): 641, cited by Goldsworthy, “Constitutional Interpretation,” 712.
137.
Stephen Gardbaum, “The Place of Constitutional Law in the Legal System,” in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 174. Emphasis belongs to the original text.
138.
Michael J. Baun, “The Federal Republic of Germany,” in Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A Comparative Approach, ed. Daniel P. Franklin and Michael Baun (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 79.
139.
Rahl Dahrendorf, Society and Democracy in Germany (New York: Doubleday, 1967), 424, cited by Ibid., 85.
140.
Indeed some scholars like Peter H. Merkl advance the claim that lack of democratic values and the supervision of westerns powers in drafting the Basic Law were exaggerated, and the Basic Law largely relies upon German constitutional traditions. Ibid., 80-81.
141.
Ibid., 83.
142.
Ibid., 86.
143.
Rosenfeld, “Constitutional Identity,” 763.
144.
Baun, “Federal Republic of Germany,” 93.
145.
Daniel P. Franklin, “American Political Culture and Constitutionalism,” in Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A Comparative Approach, ed. Daniel Franklin and Michael Baun (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 43.
146.
Ibid., 45.
147.
Goldsworthy, “Constitutional Interpretation,” 714.
148.
Rosenfeld, “Constitutional Identity,” 762.
149.
Howard Gillman, “The Collapse of Constitutional Originalism and the Rise of the Notion of the ‘Living Constitution’ in the Course of American State-Building,” Studies in American Political Development 11 (1997): 193.
150.
Rosenfeld, “Constitutional Identity,” 772.
151.
Ibid.
152.
Ibid., 764.
153.
Samuel Phillips Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge: Belkap Press, 1981), 11, cited by Vorländer, “What is ‘Constitutional Cultures’,” 32.
154.
Franklin, “American Political Culture,” 47.
155.
Pierre Legrand, “Comparative Legal Studies and The Matter of Authenticity,” Journal of Comparative Law 1 (2006): 368.
156.
Jack Donnelly. “Cultural Relativism and Universal Human Rights,” Human Rights Quarterly 6 (1984): 400.
157.
Christopher C. Joyner and John C. Dettling, “Bridging the Cultural Chasm: Cultural Relativism and The Future of International Law,” California Western International Law Journal 20 (1989-1990): 277.
158.
Ibid., 279.
159.
Ibid., 280 ff.
160.
Boaventura de Sousa Santos, “Towards a Multicultural Conception of Human Rights,” in Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, A Theory, Culture & Society, ed. Mike Featherstone (London: Sage Publications, 1990), 215.
161.
Donnelly, “Cultural Relativism,” 400.
162.
Ibid., 401.
163.
Joyner and Dettling, “Bridging the Cultural Chasm,” 286.
164.
Ibid., 287.
165.
Ibid., 288.
166.
Makau W. Mutua, “Savages, Victims and Saviors: The Metaphor of Human Rights,” in Laws and Societies in Global Contexts: Contemporary Approaches, ed. Eve Darian-Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 88.
167.
Donnelly, “Cultural Relativism,” 410.
168.
Mutua, “Savages, Victims and Saviors,” 89, 92.
169.
Santos, “Towards a Multicultural Conception,” 219.
170.
Ibid., 220.
171.
Ibid., 219. On the other side, Donnelly reflects a different approach on the meaning of universal and cosmopolitan character of human rights. He argues that universality is in fact “relative” in the context of human rights. It applies across all of a particular domain, e.g. universal health care, universal suffrage etc., and due to this relativity, universality does not apply to everyone in the globe. Therefore, he draws attention to that universal claims in human rights matters do not neglect relativity of the matter at all. Thus, he affirms that the tendency to see universalism and relativism as opposite concepts has become obsolete over time. Jack Donnelly, Universal Human Rights: In Theory and Practice, 3rd ed. (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2013), 93-103.
172.
Joyner and Dettling, “Bridging the Cultural Chasm,” 295.
173.
Darian-Smith, Laws and Societies, 97-98.
174.
Ibid., 98.
175.
Immanuel Wallerstein, European Universalism: The Rhetoric of Power (New York: New Press, 2006).
176.
Mutua, “Savages, Victims and Saviors,” 94.
177.
Santos, “Towards a Multicultural Conception,” 220.
178.
Donnelly, “Cultural Relativism,” 405. Also, Santos, “Towards a Multicultural Conception,” 221.
179.
Donnelly, “Cultural Relativism,” 411.
180.
All Africa Council of Churches/World Council of Churches Human Rights Consultation, Khartoum Sudan, 16-22 February 1975, cited by Donnelly, “Cultural Relativism,” 412.
181.
Santos, “Towards a Multicultural Conception,” 221.
182.
Ibid., 221-226.
183.
Donnelly, “Cultural Relativism,” 414.
184.
Raul S. Manglapus, “Human Rights are not a Western Discovery,” Worldview 21, no. 10 (1978): 5, cited by Joyner and Dettling, “Bridging the Cultural Chasm,” 295.
185.
Ibid., 302.
186.
Ibid., 299.
187.
Ibid., 300.
188.
Schneiderman, “Property Rights,” 371.
189.
Goldsworthy, “Constitutional Cultures.”
190.
Ferejohn et al., “Editor’s Introduction,” 17.
191.
Ibid., 18, emphasis belongs to the original text.
192.
Ibid., 18-19.
193.
Ibid., 22.
194.
Baun, “Federal Republic of Germany,” 79.
195.
Daniel Franklin and Michael Baun, Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A Comparative Approach (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 222.
196.
Ibid., 226.
197.
Ibid., 226.
198.
Schneiderman, “Banging Constitutional Bibles,” 838.

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Faculty of Law, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
Aydin Atilgan

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Aydin Atilgan
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Atilgan, A. (2018). Contemporary Constitution and the Cultural Paradigm. In: Global Constitutionalism. Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht, vol 275. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55647-4_5

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55647-4_5
Published: 08 November 2017
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-55646-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-55647-4
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