Abstract
As discussed in the preceding chapter, the prominent issue in the global constitutionalism discourse is the lack of a clear idea of contemporary constitution. Therefore, this chapter will be devoted to exploring the contemporary idea of constitution. To this end, the meaning of contemporary constitution will be discussed in a broader context since diverse approaches to constitution require this.
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Notes
- 1.
Michael J. Horan, “Contemporary Constitutionalism and Legal Relationships Between Individuals,” The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 25, no. 4 (1976): 859.
- 2.
Dieter Grimm, “Types of Constitutions,” in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 98.
- 3.
Bardo Fassbender, “The United Nations Charter as Constitution of the International Community,” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 36, no. 3 (1998): 533.
- 4.
Louis Henkin, “A New Birth of Constitutionalism: Genetic Influences and Genetic Defects,” Cardozo Law Review 14, no. 3-2 (1992–1993): 533.
- 5.
Ibid.
- 6.
- 7.
Charles Howard McIlwain, Constitutionalism: Ancient and Modern (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2007), 24.
- 8.
Andreas L. Paulus, “International Legal System as a Constitution,” in Ruling the World?: Constitutionalism, International Law, and Global Governance, ed. Jeffrey L. Dunoff and Joel P. Trachtman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 92.
- 9.
Ibid.
- 10.
Grimm, “Types of Constitutions,” 99.
- 11.
Stefan Oeter, “Global Constitutionalism: Fundamental Norms, Contestation and the Emergence of Constitutional Quality,” in Peace Through Law: Reflections on Pacem in Terries from Philosophy, Law, Theology and Political Science, ed. Heinz-Gerhard Justenhoven and Marry Ellen O’Connell (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2016), 86.
- 12.
Christian Walter, “International Law in a Process of Constitutionalization,” in New Perspectives on the Divide Between National and International Law, ed. Janne Nijman and Andre Nollkaemper (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 192.
- 13.
Karl‐Heinz Ladeur, “The State in International Law” (Comparative Research in Law & Political Economy Research Paper no. 27, 2010, http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1094&context=clpe), 22, last visit 21.04.2013.
- 14.
Martin Loughlin, “What is Constitutionalisation,” in The Twilight of Constitutionalism? ed. by Petra Dobner and Martin Loughlin (Oxford:Oxford Univ. Press, 2010). 47.
- 15.
Ibid., 61.
- 16.
Ibid., 47.
- 17.
Ibid., 62.
- 18.
Stefan Oeter, “Regime Collisions from a Perspective of Global Constitutionalism,” in Contested Regime Collisions: Norm Fragmentation in World Society, ed. Kerstin Blome et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 23.
- 19.
Loughlin, “What is Constitutionalisation,” 63.
- 20.
Ibid., 68.
- 21.
Dario Castiglione, “The Political Theory of the Constitution,” in Constitutionalism in Transformation: European and Theoretical Perspectives, ed. Richard Bellamy and Dario Castiglione (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 21.
- 22.
Ibid., 22.
- 23.
Cornelia Schneider, “The Constitutional Protection of Rights in Dworkin’s and Habermas’ Theories of Democracy,” UCL Jurisprudence Review (2000): 103.
- 24.
Ronald Dworkin, Law’s Empire, (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1986).
- 25.
Ibid., 358.
- 26.
Ibid., 359.
- 27.
Paul Scott, “(Political) Constitutions and (Political) Constitutionalism,” German Law Journal 14, no. 12 (2013): 2162.
- 28.
Horan, “Contemporary Constitutionalism,” 848.
- 29.
Antje Wiener, The Invisible Constitution of Politics: Contested Norms and International Encounters (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 30.
- 30.
Grimm, “Types of Constitutions,” 104.
- 31.
Martin Loughlin, “Ten Tenets of Sovereignty,” in Sovereignty in Transition: Essays in European Law, ed. Neil Walker (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2006), 55.
- 32.
Ibid.
- 33.
Ronald Dworkin, “Constitutionalism and Democracy,” in Constitutionalism and Democracy, ed. Richard Paul Bellamy (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), 3.
- 34.
Castiglione, “Political Theory of Constitution,” 5.
- 35.
Dieter Grimm, “The Achievement of Constitutionalism and its Prospects in a Changed World,” in The Twilight of Constitutionalism? ed. Petra Dobner and Martin Loughlin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 3.
- 36.
Ibid.
- 37.
Ibid. 5.
- 38.
J.H.H. Weiler and M. Wind, “Introduction” in European Constitutionalism Beyond the State, ed. J.H.H. Weiler and Marlene Wind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 1.
- 39.
Niklas Luhmann, “Die Verfassung als evolutionäre Errungenschaft,” Rechtshistorisches Journal 9 (1990): 176, cited by Grimm, “Achievement of Constitutionalism,” 10.
- 40.
Anne Peters, “Compensatory Constitutionalism: The Fundamental Function and Potential of Fundamental International Norms and Structures,” Leiden Journal of International Law 19 (2006): 583.
- 41.
Loughlin, “Ten Tenets,” 55.
- 42.
Ibid.
- 43.
Christopher J. A. Thornhill, A Sociology of Constitutions: Constitutions and State Legitimacy in Historical-sociological Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
- 44.
Loughlin, “Ten Tenets,” 48.
- 45.
Ibid. 49.
- 46.
McIlwain, Constitutionalism, 35.
- 47.
Ibid., 36.
- 48.
Antje Wiener, Invisible Constitution of Politics, 29.
- 49.
Thornhill, A Sociology of Constitutions, 72.
- 50.
McIlwain, Constitutionalism, 36.
- 51.
Thornhill, A Sociology of Constitutions, 20. However, Grimm does not concur with this opinion. In his point of view, this was not so, because constitutions were not normative tools, but empirical ones, before US and French constitutions arose. The constitutions which arose before these constitutions can just be considered as factual constitutions. After the rise of modern constitutions, these forms of constitutions did not disappear, but turned to a “constitutional reality” that influences law. Dieter Grimm, “The Constitution in the Process of Denationalization,” Constellations 12, no. 4 (2005): 447-448.
- 52.
McIlwain, Constitutionalism, 88.
- 53.
However, this did not come to mean a de-feudalization process. Thornhill, A Sociology of Constitutions, 21-23.
- 54.
Ibid., 24.
- 55.
Ibid.
- 56.
Ibid., 40.
- 57.
Ibid., 68.
- 58.
Ibid., 73.
- 59.
Ibid., 74.
- 60.
Ibid., 75.
- 61.
Ibid., 76, 109.
- 62.
Ibid., 110.
- 63.
Chris Thornhill, “Rights and Constituent Power in the Global Constitution,” International Journal of Law in Context 10 (2014): 359.
- 64.
Ibid.
- 65.
Ibid., 361.
- 66.
James Tully, Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 63.
- 67.
Thornhill, A Sociology of Constitutions, 11.
- 68.
- 69.
Thornhill, A Sociology of Constitutions, 157.
- 70.
Grimm, “Constitution Process of Denationalization,” 453.
- 71.
Thornhill, A Sociology of Constitutions, 50.
- 72.
Ibid., 58.
- 73.
This also points to what Kant calls a republican constitution. Tully, Strange Multiplicity, 63.
- 74.
Saskia Sassen, “Neither Global Nor National: Novel Assemblages of Territory, Authority and Rights,” in Laws and Societies in Global Contexts: Contemporary Approaches, ed. Eve Darian-Smith (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 23-38.
- 75.
Loughlin, “What is Constitutionalisation,” 48.
- 76.
Ibid.
- 77.
Silke Hensel, “Constitutional Cultures in the Atlantic World During the ‘Age of Revolutions’,” in Constitutional Cultures: On the Concept and Representation of Constitutions in the Atlantic World, ed. Silke Hensel et al. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012), 5.
- 78.
Hans Vorländer, “What is ‘Constitutional Cultures’?,” in Constitutional Cultures: On the Concept and Representation of Constitutions in the Atlantic World, ed. Silke Hensel et al. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing), 2012, 23.
- 79.
Grimm, “Achievement of Constitutionalism,” 5.
- 80.
Grimm, “Types of Constitutions,” 102.
- 81.
Ibid., 103.
- 82.
Grimm, “Achievement of Constitutionalism,” 8.
- 83.
Grimm, “Constitution in Process of Denationalization,” 449.
- 84.
Ulrich K. Preuss, “Disconnecting Constitutions From Statehood: Is Global Constitutionalism a Viable Concept?,” in The Twilight of Constitutionalism, ed. Petra Dobner and Martin Loughlin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 31.
- 85.
Loughlin, “What is Constitutionalisation,” 58.
- 86.
Grimm, “Constitution in Process of Denationalization,” 451.
- 87.
Ibid., 452.
- 88.
Preuss, “Disconnecting Constitutions,” 24.
- 89.
Dieter Grimm, “Does Europe Need a Constitution?,” European Law Journal 1, no. 3 (1995): 285.
- 90.
Grimm, “Constitution in Process of Denationalization,” 451.
- 91.
Grimm, “Does Europe Need Constitution?,” 286.
- 92.
Grimm, “Achievement of Constitutionalism,” 9.
- 93.
Ibid.
- 94.
Ibid., 10.
- 95.
Preuss. “Disconnecting Constitutions,” 37.
- 96.
Ibid., 43.
- 97.
Ibid.
- 98.
Ibid., 43.
- 99.
Loughlin, “What is Constitutionalisation,” 52. Tully, Strange Multiplicity, 68.
- 100.
Tully, Strange Multiplicity, 68.
- 101.
Loughlin, “What is Constitutionalisation,” 53.
- 102.
Preuss. “Disconnecting Constitutions,” 46.
- 103.
Ibid.
- 104.
Thornhill, A Sociology of Constitutions, 374, 375.
- 105.
Grimm, “Does Europe Need Constitution?,” 288.
- 106.
Tully, Strange Multiplicity, 69.
- 107.
Grimm, “Constitution in Process of Denationalization,” 453.
- 108.
Michel Rosenfeld, “Constitutional Identity,” in Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 756-776.
- 109.
Hans Vorländer, “Integration durch Verfassung? Die symbolische Bedeutung der Verfassung im politischen Integrationsprozess,” in Integration durch Verfassung, ed. Hans Vorländer (Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 2002), 22.
- 110.
Nikolai Wenzel, “From Contract to Mental Model: Constitutional Culture as a Fact of the Social Sciences,” Review of Austrian Economy 23 (2010): 62.
- 111.
Tully, Strange Multiplicity, 183.
- 112.
Michel Rosenfeld, “Constitutional Identity,” 757.
- 113.
Grimm, “Types of Constitutions,” 100.
- 114.
James A. Gardner, “Reply: What is a State Constitution?,” Rutgers Law Journal 24 (1992-1993): 1025.
- 115.
Dworkin, Law’s Empire, 360.
- 116.
Grimm, “Types of Constitutions,” 98.
- 117.
Jeffrey Goldsworthy, “Constitutional Interpretation,” in Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 689-717.
- 118.
Rosenfeld, “Constitutional Identity,” 757.
- 119.
A.V. Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, 9th ed. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1948), 15.
- 120.
Oxford English Dictionary, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/39848?redirectedFrom=constitution#eid, last visit 01.02.2014.
- 121.
Marbury v. Madison, US Supreme Court, 5 U.S. 137 (1803), page 5, https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/5/137/case.html, last visit 21.09.2014.
- 122.
Joseph Raz, “On the Authority and Interpretation of Constitutions: Some Preliminaries,” in Constitutionalism: Philosophical Foundations, ed. Larry Alexander (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 156.
- 123.
Eric Barendt, An Introduction to Constitutional Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 1.
- 124.
Dieter Grimm, “Integration by Constitution,” International Journal of Constitutional Law 3 (2005): 193. Castiglione, “Political Theory of Constitution,” 8.
- 125.
Grimm, “Integration by Constitution,”194.
- 126.
David Beatty, Constitutional Law: In Theory and Practice (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995), 5.
- 127.
Thornhill, A Sociology of Constitutions, 10.
- 128.
Thomas Paine, “Rights of Man,” in The Complete Works of Thomas Paine (London), 302-3, 370, cited by McIlwain, Constitutionalism, 2.
- 129.
Dicey, Introduction to Study of Law, 24.
- 130.
At this point it should be noted that Dicey’s views rely on the parliamentary sovereignty and reflect a political constitutionalism that basically argues for that a parliament can legislate in any way, either amend or repeal, and other institutions are not capable of disapplying parliamentary decisions. Richard Bellamy, “Political Constitutionalism and the Human Rights Act,” International Journal of Constitutional Law 9, no. 1 (2011): 94.
- 131.
Benjamin N. Cardozo, The Nature of the Judicial Process, 13th ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1946), 83.
- 132.
Hans Kelsen, “The Function of a Constitution,” in Essays on Kelsen, ed. Richard Tur and William Twinning, trans. Iain Stewart (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), 109.
- 133.
Hans Kelsen, “On the Basic Norm,” California Law Review 47, no:1 (1959): 108.
- 134.
Kelsen, “Function of a Constitution,” 119.
- 135.
Ibid.
- 136.
Martin Loughlin, “The Concept of Constituent Power,” European Journal of Political Theory 13, no. 2 (2013): 4.
- 137.
Alec Stone-Sweet, “What is a Supranational Constitution? An Essay in International Relations Theory,” The Review of Politics 56, no. 3 (1994): 444, emphasis belongs to the original text.
- 138.
Ibid. 446.
- 139.
Kemal Gözler, Anayasa Hukukunun Metodolojisi (Bursa: Ekin Kitabevi Yayinlari, 1999), 193.
- 140.
Ibid. 195.
- 141.
H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 100. For an opposite view: Raz, “On the Authority,” 161. Raz notes that the rule of recognition is always customary and cannot enable a transition to the statutory law. However, this does not comply with the nature of constitutions, which can become statutory in case being changed by legislation.
- 142.
Ibid.
- 143.
Denis J. Galligan and Mila Versteeg, “Theoretical Perspectives on the Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions,” in Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions, ed. Denis J. Galligan and Mila Versteeg (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 3.
- 144.
Chris Thornhill, “Niklas Luhmann and the Sociology of the Constitution,” Journal of Classical Sociology 10, no. 4 (2010): 320.
- 145.
Gardner, “What is State Constitution?,” 1029.
- 146.
Thornhill, “Rights and Constituent Power,” 357.
- 147.
Raz, “On the Authority,” 153.
- 148.
Michael J. Perry, “What is ‘the Constitution’? (and Other Fundamental Questions),” in Constitutionalism: Philosophical Foundations, ed. Larry Alexander (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 112. It should be noted that in the quoted text, the author focuses rather on the US Constitutions. Therefore, the expression of “the supreme law” should be thought in the context of the US Constitution.
- 149.
Dworkin, “Constitutionalism and Democracy,” 6.
- 150.
Panu Minkkinen, “Political Constitutionalism versus Political Constitutional Theory: Law, Power, and Politics,” International Journal of Constitutional Law 11, no. 3 (2013): 585. Gadamer 174.
- 151.
Richard Bellamy, “Constitutionalism,” in International Encyclopedia of Political Science, ed. B. Badie, D. Berg-Scholsser and L. Morlino (IPSA/Sage 2010), http://ssrn.com/abstract=1676321, l, last visit 12.12.2014.
- 152.
Ibid.
- 153.
Home Office vs. Dorse Yacht Co. Ltd., A.C. 1004 (1970), cited by Tom R. Hickman, “In Defence of the Legal Constitution,” The University of Toronto Law Journal 55, no. 4 (2005), 981.
- 154.
Ibid.
- 155.
Graham Gee and Grégoire C. N. Webber, “What is a Political Constitution?,” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 30, no. 2 (2010): 275. For the most notable academic works of this field: J.A.G. Griffith, “The Political Constitution,” Modern Law Review 42, no. 1 (1979): 1-21. Richard Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism: A Republican Defence of the Constitutionality of Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). Adam Tomkins, Our Republican Constitution (Oxford: Hart, 2005). Martin Loughlin, The Idea of Public Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
- 156.
Bellamy, “Constitutionalism,” 1.
- 157.
Ibid.
- 158.
Richard Bellamy, “Political Constitutionalism and Human Rights Act,” 89.
- 159.
Marco Goldoni and Christopher McCorkindale, “A Note From the Editors: The State of the Political Constitution,” German Law Journal 14, no. 12 (2013): 2104.
- 160.
Richard Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism: Republican Defence, 5.
- 161.
Adam Tomkins, “The Role of the Courts in the Political Constitution,” University of Toronto Law Journal 60 (2010): 3.
- 162.
Ibid., 2.
- 163.
Ibid., 2.
- 164.
Mark Tushnet, “The Relation Between Political Constitutionalism and Weak-Form Judicial Review,” German Law Journal 14, no. 12 (2013): 2250.
- 165.
Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism: Republican Defence, 15.
- 166.
Ibid.
- 167.
Hickman, “In Defence of Legal Constitution,” 1004.
- 168.
Bellamy, “Constitutionalism,” 5.
- 169.
Ibid., 5.
- 170.
Ibid., 6.
- 171.
Ibid.
- 172.
Ibid., 7.
- 173.
Ibid.
- 174.
Gee and Webber, “What is Political Constitution?,” 284.
- 175.
Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism: Republican Defence, 90.
- 176.
Gee and Webber, “What is Political Constitution,” 286.
- 177.
Bruce Ackerman, We the People: Foundations (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1993).
- 178.
Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism: Republican Defence, 129. Richard Bellamy and Dario Castiglione, “Constitutionalism and Democracy: Political Theory and the American Constitution,” British Journal of Political Science 27 (1997): 609.
- 179.
Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism: Republican Defence, 131.
- 180.
Bellamy and Castiglione, “Constitutionalism and Democracy,” 615.
- 181.
Ibid., 603.
- 182.
Ibid.
- 183.
Ibid., 604.
- 184.
Ibid., 608.
- 185.
Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism: Republican Defence, 19.
- 186.
Ibid., 141.
- 187.
Ibid., 147.
- 188.
Hickman, “In Defence of Legal Constitution,” 987.
- 189.
Schneider, “Constitutional Protection,” 119.
- 190.
Ronald Dworkin, “Equality, Democracy and Constitution: We the People in Court,” in Constitutionalism and Democracy, ed. Richard Bellamy (Ashgate: Dartmouth, 2006), 17.
- 191.
Ibid., 18.
- 192.
Ibid.
- 193.
Ibid.
- 194.
Ibid., 19.
- 195.
Ibid., 27.
- 196.
Ibid., 19.
- 197.
T. R. S. Allan, “Dworkin and Dicey: The Rule of Law as Integrity,” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 8, no. 2 (1988): 266.
- 198.
Dworkin, Law’s Empire, 225.
- 199.
Allan, “Dworkin and Dicey,” 269.
- 200.
Ibid., 267.
- 201.
Ibid., 268.
- 202.
Ronald Dworkin, “What is Equality? Part 4: Political Equality,” University of San Francisco Law Review 22, no. 1 (1988): 29 cited by Schneider, “Constitutional Protection,” 114.
- 203.
Allan, “Dworkin and Dicey,” 269.
- 204.
Hickman, “In Defence of Legal Constitution,” 1016.
- 205.
Matthew G. Specter, Habermas: Entelektüel Bir Biyografi, (Istanbul: Iletisim Yayinlari, 2012), 36.
- 206.
Ibid., 37.
- 207.
Erhard Denninger, “Judicial Review Revisited: The German Experience,” Tulane Law Review 59 (1984-5): 1014.
- 208.
Ibid., 1025.
- 209.
Donald P. Kommers, “German Constitutionalism: A Prolegomenon” (Scholarly Works Paper no. 98, 1991, http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship/98), 842, last visit 14.04.2014.
- 210.
Ibid., 842.
- 211.
Denninger, “Judicial Review,” 1017.
- 212.
Ibid.
- 213.
e.g. Soraya case of 1973, cited by Denninger, “Judicial Review,” 1019.
- 214.
Kommers, “German Constitutionalism,” 851. The author does not mention the name and any further information of the ruling.
- 215.
Ibid.
- 216.
Ibid.
- 217.
Still there are some exceptions to this principle. Denninger, “Judicial Review,” 1021.
- 218.
Kommers, “German Constitutionalism,” 849.
- 219.
Socialist Reich Party Case, 2 BVerfGE 1 (1952); Communist Party Case, 5 BVerfGE 85 (1956), cited by Ibid., 854.
- 220.
Apart from the political critics, the court also received judicial protests through some dissenting opinions. The dissenting opinions by Judges von Brüneck and Simon in “University reform case” and “Roe v. Wade” are notable at this point. Denninger, “Judicial Review,” 1023.
- 221.
Ibid., 1031.
- 222.
Specter, Habermas, 40.
- 223.
“The “abstract review” is a remedy that is used when there exist “divergent opinions or doubts about the compatibility of federal or state law with the Basic Law or the compatibility of state law with other federal law,” Denninger, “Judicial Review,” 1025.
- 224.
Ibid., 1024-25.
- 225.
Kommers, “German Constitutionalism,” 844.
- 226.
Ibid., 855.
- 227.
Ibid., 861.
- 228.
Ibid., 872.
- 229.
Bellamy and Castiglione, “Constitutionalism and Democracy,” 617.
- 230.
Tushnet, “Political Constitutionalism and Weak-Form,” 2250.
- 231.
Griffith, “Political Constitution.”
- 232.
Goldoni and McCorkindale, “A Note From the Editors,” 2104.
- 233.
D. Dyzenhaus, “The Left and the Question of Law,” Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 17 (2004): 7, cited by Thomas Poole, “Tilting at Windmills? Truth and Illusion in ‘The Political Constitution’,” Modern Law Review 70, no. 2 (2007): 250.
- 234.
Bellamy, “Constitutionalism,” 3.
- 235.
Ibid., 5.
- 236.
Gee and Webber, “What is Political Constitution,” 282.
- 237.
Ibid., 285.
- 238.
Ibid., 286.
- 239.
Ibid.
- 240.
Ibid.
- 241.
Ibid.
- 242.
K. D. Ewing, “The Resilience of the Political Constitution,” German Law Journal 14, no. 12 (2013): 2117.
- 243.
Griffith, “Political Constitution,” 2.
- 244.
Graham Gee, “The Political Constitutionalism of JAG Griffith,” Legal Studies 28, no. 1 (2008): 33.
- 245.
Ibid., 27-28.
- 246.
J. A. G. Griffith, The Politics of the Judiciary (London: Fontana, 1997), 335.
- 247.
Gee, “Political Constitutionalism of Griffith,” 28.
- 248.
Ibid., 29.
- 249.
Ibid.
- 250.
Ibid., 33.
- 251.
JAG Griffith, “The Common Law and the Political Constitution,” Law Quarterly Review 117 (2001): 59-60, cited by Ibid., 33.
- 252.
JAG Griffith, “The Brave New World of Sir John Laws,” Modern Law Review 63 (2000): 159-176.
- 253.
Ibid.
- 254.
Poole, “Tilting at Windmills?,” 253.
- 255.
Griffith, “Political Constitution,” 11; Poole, “Tilting at Windmills?,” 252.
- 256.
Griffith, “Political Constitution,” 6.
- 257.
Ibid., 19.
- 258.
Poole, “Tilting at Windmills?,” 258.
- 259.
Griffith, “Political Constitution,” 14.
- 260.
Ibid., 17.
- 261.
Ibid., 19.
- 262.
Poole, “Tilting at Windmills?,” 264.
- 263.
Gee and Webber, “What is Political Constitution,” 294.
- 264.
Ibid.
- 265.
Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism: Republican Defence, 145.
- 266.
Ibid.
- 267.
He refers to Quentin Skinner, Liberty Before Liberalism, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), and Philip Pettit, Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997). Ibid., 154.
- 268.
Ibid., 209.
- 269.
Ibid., 260.
- 270.
Bellamy, “Political Constitutionalism and Human Rights Act,” 88.
- 271.
Ibid., 110.
- 272.
Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism: Republican Defence, 210.
- 273.
Ibid., 295.
- 274.
Ibid., 5.
- 275.
Adam Tomkins, “Constitutionalism,” in The Oxford Handbook of British Politics, ed. Matthew Flinders et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 242. Tomkins, Our Republican Constitution. However, attempts to underline that British constitution is evolving towards a model of legal constitution should not be overlooked. Gee and Webber, “What is Political Constitution,” 299.
- 276.
Karl-Heinz Ladeur, “Ein Recht der Netzwerke für die Weltgesellschaft oder Konstitutionalisierung der Völkergemeinschaft,” Archiv des Völkerrechts 49 (2011): 249.
- 277.
However, it is of note that Switzerland has an effective Supreme Court and judicial review mechanisms over violation of the constitution, and in this sense, it does not fit into this category perfectly.
- 278.
Bellamy, “Political Constitutionalism and Human Rights Act,” 90.
- 279.
Ibid.
- 280.
Ibid., 91.
- 281.
Ibid.
- 282.
Ibid., 92.
- 283.
Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism: Republican Defence, 164.
- 284.
Ibid., 165.
- 285.
Ibid., 25.
- 286.
Ibid., 37.
- 287.
Ibid., 44.
- 288.
Hickman, “In Defence of Legal Constitution,” 992.
- 289.
Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism: Republican Defence, 70.
- 290.
Ibid., 81.
- 291.
Ibid., 71.
- 292.
Ibid., 78.
- 293.
Ibid., 80.
- 294.
Ibid., 82.
- 295.
Ibid., 83.
- 296.
Adam Tomkins, “What’s Left of the Political Constitution?,” German Law Journal 14, no. 12 (2013): 2280.
- 297.
Tomkins, “Role of Courts,” 5.
- 298.
Bellamy, “Political Constitutionalism and Human Rights Act,” 86.
- 299.
Griffith, “Brave New World,” 172.
- 300.
Section 7 of the Human Rights Act, http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/section/7, last visit 31.03.2015.
- 301.
Ibid., Section 3(2-b-c).
- 302.
Ariel L. Bendor and Zeev Segal, “Constitutionalism and Trust in Britain: An Ancient Constitutional Culture, A New Judicial Review Model,” American University International Law Review 17 (2001-2002): 689.
- 303.
Ibid., 690.
- 304.
Ibid., 701.
- 305.
Poole, “Tilting at Windmills?,” 250–277, 264.
- 306.
Ibid., 265.
- 307.
Gee and Webber, “What is Political Constitution,” 280.
- 308.
Ewing, “Resilience of the Political Constitution,” 2112.
- 309.
Ibid.
- 310.
Tomkins, “Role of Courts,” 4.
- 311.
Griffith, “Political Constitution,” 14.
- 312.
Ibid., 14.
- 313.
Tomkins, “Role of Courts,” 3.
- 314.
Tomkins, “What’s Left,” 2281.
- 315.
Ibid., 2287.
- 316.
Ibid., 2286.
- 317.
Tomkins, “Role of Courts,” 6.
- 318.
Paul Craig, “Political Constitutionalism and the Judicial Role: A Response,” International Journal of Constitutional Law 9, no. 1 (2011): 114.
- 319.
Ibid., 117.
- 320.
Ibid., 130.
- 321.
Tushnet, “Political Constitutionalism and Weak-Form,” 2250.
- 322.
Ibid.
- 323.
Ibid., 2555.
- 324.
Ibid., 2258.
- 325.
Ibid., 2259.
- 326.
Ibid., 2276. Hickman, “In Defence of Legal Constitution.” The use of “mixed constitution” here is different from that of 18th Century.
- 327.
Ibid., 2276.
- 328.
Hickman, “In Defence of Legal Constitution,” 1016.
- 329.
For caveats on the idea of global constitutionalism regarding the threat of American hegemony and anti-democratic international structures over emerging democratic principles of international law: Jeffrey L. Dunoff and Joel P. Trachtman, “A Functional Approach to Global Constitutionalism” (Harvard Public Law Working Paper no. 08-57, 2008, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1311983), 23 ff., last visit 19.04.2015. Anne Peters, “Global Constitutionalism Revisited,” International Legal Theory, 11 (2005): 60 ff. On the other hand, for a different approach in the debate of “desirability of global constitutionalism” that views global constitutionalism as “desirable” and also “preferable” to the other alternatives: Michel Rosenfeld, “Is Global Constitutionalism Meaningful or Desirable?,” The European Journal of International Law 25, no. 1 (2014): 198.
- 330.
Neil Walker, “Postnational Constitutionalism and the Problem of Translation,” in European Constitutionalism Beyond the State, ed. J.H.H. Weiler and Marlene Wind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 27.
- 331.
Ronald Dworkin, “Constitutionalism and Democracy,” 3. Also this debate was very essential in modern German constitutionalism. Specter, Habermas, 35-46.
- 332.
Bellamy and Castiglione, “Constitutionalism and Democracy,” 595.
- 333.
Schneider, “Constitutional Protection,” 101-102.
- 334.
Ibid., 103.
- 335.
Ibid., 104.
- 336.
Dworkin, “Equality, Democracy and Constitution,” 15.
- 337.
Dworkin, “Constitutionalism and Democracy,” 6.
- 338.
Ibid., 8.
- 339.
Ibid., 11.
- 340.
Ibid., 10.
- 341.
Dworkin, “Equality, Democracy and Constitution,” 16. This could also be read as a response to political constitutionalists.
- 342.
Grimm, “Constitution in Process of Denationalization,” 452.
- 343.
Raz, “On the Authority,” 159.
- 344.
Ibid., 173.
- 345.
Ibid., 178.
- 346.
Ibid., 180.
- 347.
Russel Hardin, “Why a Constitution?,” in Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions, ed. Denis J. Galligan and Mila Versteeg (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 59.
- 348.
Ibid., 60.
- 349.
Ibid., 63.
- 350.
Ibid.
- 351.
Ibid., 64.
- 352.
Bertil Emrah Oder, Avrupa Birligi’nde Anayasa ve Anayasacilik (Istanbul: Anahtar Kitaplar, 2004), 49.
- 353.
Charles H. Koch Jr., “Envisioning a Global Legal Culture,” Michigan Journal of International Law 25 (2003): 40.
- 354.
Howard Gillman, “The Collapse of Constitutional Originalism and the Rise of the Notion of the ‘Living Constitution’ in the Course of American State-Building,” Studies in American Political Development 11 (1997): 191. Arthur Selwyn Miller, “Notes on the Concept of the Living Constitution,” The George Washington Law Review 31, no. 5 (1963): 881.
- 355.
Robert C. Post and Reva B. Siegel, “Originalism as a Political Practice: The Right’s Living Constitution” (Faculty Scholarship Series no. 171, 2006, http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/171), 545, last visit 19.01.2014.
- 356.
Ibid., 546.
- 357.
Reva B. Siegel, “Constitutional Culture, Social Movement Conflict and Constitutional Change: The Case of the De Facto ERA” (Faculty Scholarship Series no. 1097, 2006, http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/1097), 1347, last visit 19.01.2014.
- 358.
Post and Siegel, “Originalism as a Political Practice,” 561.
- 359.
Gillman, “Collapse of Constitutional Originalism,” 213.
- 360.
Jack M. Balkin, “Framework Originalism and the Living Constitution,” Nortwestern University Law Review 103, no. 2 (2009): 560.
- 361.
Ibid., 561.
- 362.
William H. Rehnquist, “The Notion of a Living Constitution,” Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 29, no. 2 (2006): 404. Miller, “Concept of Living Constitution,” 883.
- 363.
Rehnquist, “Notion of Living Constitution,” 404; However, Selwyn Miller notes that, the extent and the meaning of living constitutionalism never became clear in the court rulings. It was rather employed by judges in justifying overruling precedent, or in changing a doctrine or introducing a new interpretation on a constitutional clause. Miller, “Concept of Living Constitution,” 884.
- 364.
Jack M. Balkin, “Framework Originalism,” 561.
- 365.
Ibid.
- 366.
Balkin, “Framework Originalism,” 562.
- 367.
Gillman, “Collapse of Constitutional Originalism,” 193.
- 368.
Ibid.
- 369.
Rosenfeld, “Constitutional Identity,” 762.
- 370.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, The Philosophy of Right, trans. TM Knox (1967), 286-7, cited by Mark Tushnet, “Constitution,” in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 218.
- 371.
Galligan and Versteeg, “Theoretical Perspectives,” 13.
- 372.
Sujit Choudry, “Migration as a New Metaphor in Comparative Constitutional Law,” in The Migration of Constitutional Ideas, ed. Sujit Choudry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 13.
- 373.
Jeffrey Goldsworthy, “Questioning the Migration of Constitutional Ideas: Rights, Constitutionalism and the Limits of Convergence,” in The Migration of Constitutional Ideas, ed. Sujit Choudry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 115.
- 374.
Ibid., 116.
- 375.
Lawrence M. Friedman, The Legal System: A Social Science Perspective (New York: Russel Sage Foundation, 1975), 195.
- 376.
Mayo Moran, “Inimical to Constitutional Values: Complex Migrations of Constitutional Rights,” in The Migration of Constitutional Ideas, ed. Sujit Choudry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 234.
- 377.
Mattias Kumm, “Democratic Constitutionalism Encounters International Law: Terms of Engagement,” in The Migration of Constitutional Ideas, ed. Sujit Choudry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 260.
- 378.
David S. Law and Mila Versteeg, “The Evolution and Ideology of Global Constitutionalism,” California Law Review 99 (2011): 1172.
- 379.
Ibid.
- 380.
Ibid.
- 381.
Benedikt Goderis and Mila Versteeg, “Transnational Constitutionalism: A Conceptual Framework,” in Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions, ed. Denis J. Galligan and Mila Versteeg (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 104.
- 382.
Ibid., 103.
- 383.
Law and Versteeg, “Evolution and Ideology,” 1239.
- 384.
Ibid., 1240.
- 385.
Galligan and Versteeg, “Theoretical Perspectives,” 13. As to the Japanese case, the adoption of western laws had begun in 19th century, as this was considered as a compulsory method for modernization and economic development. Lawrence M. Friedman. “Borders: On the Emerging Sociology of Transnational Law,” Stanford Journal of International Law 32 (1996): 73.
- 386.
Frederick Schauer, “On the Migration of Constitutional Ideas,” Connecticut Law Review 37 (2004-2005): 908.
- 387.
Ibid., 909.
- 388.
Goderis and Versteeg, “Transnational Constitutionalism,” 111.
- 389.
There is also a wide range of constitutions that were made under the influence of other constitutions, such as the Irish Constitution of 1922 or the post-Communist Eastern European constitutions which were inspired by various Western democratic constitutions. Ibid., 103.
- 390.
Schauer, “Migration of Constitutional Ideas,” 908.
- 391.
Goderis and Versteeg, “Transnational Constitutionalism,” 108.
- 392.
Also the huge supplies for these refoms by the World Bank have to be borne in mind. Ibid., 109.
- 393.
Ibid., 110.
- 394.
Galligan and Versteeg, “Theoretical Perspectives,” 14.
- 395.
Ibid.
- 396.
Goderis and Versteeg, “Transnational Constitutionalism,” 114.
- 397.
Ibid., 114.
- 398.
Ibid., 116.
- 399.
Ibid., 119.
- 400.
Ibid., 121.
- 401.
Ibid., 122.
- 402.
Law and Versteeg, “Evolution and Ideology,” 1183.
- 403.
Ibid., 1185.
- 404.
Schauer, “Migration of Constitutional Ideas,” 917.
- 405.
Law and Versteeg, “Evolution and Iddeology,” 1186, As an opposite view, it should be noted that democratic states are still prone to war with non-democratic states, although they do not fight with democratic counterparts. Michael W. Doyle, “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 12 (1983): 205, 225, cited by Ibid., 1187.
- 406.
Ibid., 1242.
- 407.
Schauer, “Migration of Constitutional Ideas,” 910.
- 408.
Law and Versteeg, “Evolution and Ideology,” 1194.
- 409.
Ibid.
- 410.
Ibid., 1234. However, the authors rightly opine that this does not imply that such a result reflects an “across-the-board movement toward libertarianism.”
- 411.
Ibid., 1233.
- 412.
Marcelo Neves, Transconstitutionalism, trans. Kevin Mundy (Oxford and Portland Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2013).
- 413.
Vorländer, “What is ‘Constitutional Cultures’?”
- 414.
Mark Tushnet, “Constitution,” 220.
- 415.
Ibid.
- 416.
Gabor Halmai, “The Use of Foreign Law in Constitutional Interpretation,” in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 1328-1348.
- 417.
Paul Schiff Berman, “From International Law to Law and Globalization” (University of Connecticut School of Law Articles and Working Papers, Paper 23, 2005, http://lsr.nellco.org/uconn_wps/23), 553, last visit 11.07.2013.
- 418.
Marcelo Neves, “Comparing Transconstitutionalism in an Asymmetric World Society: Conceptual Background and Self-Critical Remarks,” (Adam Smith Research Foundation Working Papers Series no. 02, 2005, http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_401302_en.pdf), 4, last visit 1.3.2015.
- 419.
Ibid., 5.
- 420.
Ibid.
- 421.
Neves, Transconstitutionalism, 65.
- 422.
Ibid., 77.
- 423.
Ibid., 86.
- 424.
Ibid., 96-147.
- 425.
Ibid., 99.
- 426.
Ibid., 106 ff.
- 427.
Ibid., 74-80.
- 428.
Neves, “Comparing Transconstitutionalism,” 8.
- 429.
In addition to the South African Court, the Supreme Courts of India, Zimbabwe, Israel, New Zealand, and Ireland have regularly cited foreign laws and precedents of foreign courts. Neves, Transconstitutionalism, 109.
- 430.
Rosenfeld, “Constitutional Identity,” 766 ff.
- 431.
The British constitution can also be held as an exception in terms of the criterion of following an ancien regime, on the ground that it is an outcome of a long term and a slow evolution, and it is not very easy to determine constitutional moments throughout its historical development.
- 432.
Thornhill, “Contemporary Constitutionalism,” 370; For a contrast view that considers contemporary constitutions in a continuum with modern constitutions and argue that will of the people is still an essential component of contemporary constitutions, Henkin, “A New Birth,” 535.
- 433.
Thornhill, “Contemporary Constitutionalism,” 384.
- 434.
Loughlin, “Concept of Constituent Power,” 1, 14. Also see this article for various definitions stemming from different law schools.
- 435.
Grimm, “Types of Constitutions,” 103.
- 436.
Ibid. 4.
- 437.
Thornhill, “Rights and Constituent Power,” 361.
- 438.
Thornhill, “Contemporary Constitutionalism,” 370.
- 439.
Ibid., 371.
- 440.
Ibid.
- 441.
Ibid., 373.
- 442.
Ibid., 374.
- 443.
Ibid., 375.
- 444.
Ibid., 399.
- 445.
Chris Thornhill, “A Sociology of Constituent Power: The Political Code of Transnational Societal Constitutions,” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 20, no. 2 (2013): 554.
- 446.
Thornhill, “Contemporary Constitutionalism,” 392.
- 447.
Ibid., 395.
- 448.
Thornhill, “Rights and Constituent Power,” 384.
- 449.
Thornhill, “A Sociology of Constituent Power,” 603.
- 450.
Karl-Heinz Ladeur, “Towards a Legal Theory of Supranationality: The Viability of Network Concept,” European Law Journal 3, no. 1 (1997): 44.
- 451.
Ibid.
- 452.
An exception to this is constitutions of contemporary post-conflict states, such as Iraq, Bosnia, Kosovo, Sri Lanka and Northern Ireland. The structural issues regarding power among ethnic and religious groups are central to these constitutions rather than rights. Stephen Gardbaum, “The Place of Constitutional Law in the Legal System,” in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 177.
- 453.
Talcott Parsons, “Order and Community in the International Social System,” in International Politics and Foreign Policy, ed. J.N. Rosenau (New York: Free Press of Rosenau, 1961) 123.
- 454.
Vorländer, “Integration durch Verfassung?,” 9.
- 455.
Castiglione, “Political Theory of Constitution,” 20-21.
- 456.
Vorländer. “Integration durch Verfassung?,” 11.
- 457.
Roger Cotterrell, The Sociology of Law: An Introduction (London: Butterworths, 1984), 96.
- 458.
Ibid., 73.
- 459.
Sezgin Kizilcelik, Sosyoloji Teorileri, Cilt 1. (Konya: Nüve Kültür Merkezi, 1994), 428.
- 460.
Cotterrell, Sociology of Law, 81.
- 461.
Kizilcelik, Sosyoloji Teorileri, 439.
- 462.
Cotterrell, Sociology of Law, 82.
- 463.
Kizilcelik, Sosyoloji Teorileri, 441.
- 464.
On the contrary, this view does not comply with Durkheim, who does not distinguish law from morality and societal values. Cotterrell, Sociology of Law, 90.
- 465.
Ibid., 86.
- 466.
Ibid., 84.
- 467.
Ibid., 85.
- 468.
Talcott Parsons, Politics and Social Structure (New York: Free Press, 1969), 339.
- 469.
Thornhill, A Sociology of Constitutions, 4.
- 470.
Cotterrell, Sociology of Law.
- 471.
Grimm, “Integration by Constitution,” 198.
- 472.
Preuss, “Disconnecting Constitutions,” 40.
- 473.
Ibid.
- 474.
Perry, “What is ‘the Constitution?’,” 104.
- 475.
Rosenfeld, “Constitutional Identity,” 761.
- 476.
Karl-Heinz Ladeur, “‘We, the European People… ’-Relache?,” European Law Journal 14, no. 2 (2008): 153. Grimm, “Integration by Constitution,” 195.
- 477.
Grimm, “Integration by Constitution,” 195. In a similar vein, according to Luhmann, the unity of law is independent from the unity of society. Niklas Luhmann, “The Unity of the Legal System,” in Autopoietic Law: A New Approach to Law and Society, ed. Gunther Teubner (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1988), 13-18.
- 478.
Grimm, “Integration by Constitution,” 196.
- 479.
Stone-Sweet, “Supranational Constitution,” 442.
- 480.
Jürgen Habermas, “Why Europe Needs a Constitution,” in Developing a Constitution for Europe, ed. Erik Oddvar Eriksen, John Erik Fossum and Agustín Menéndez (London: Routledge, 2004), 22.
- 481.
Ibid., 27.
- 482.
Dieter Grimm, “Integration by Constitution,” 193.
- 483.
Grimm, “Does Europe Need Constitution?,” 287.
- 484.
Preuss, “Disconnecting Constitutions,” 41.
- 485.
Ibid., 42.
- 486.
Ibid.
- 487.
Grimm, “Integration by Constitution,” 194.
- 488.
Ibid., 199. For a similar opinion referring to the symbolic forms in which political imaginations are represented, as the central factor for achievement of a constitution: Vorländer, “Integration durch Verfassung,” 18.
- 489.
Grimm, “Integration by Constitution,” 199.
- 490.
Ibid., 200.
- 491.
Ibid., 198.
- 492.
Ibid., 200.
- 493.
Bruce Ackerman, “The Rise of World Constitutionalism” (Occassional Papers, Paper 4, 1996, http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=ylsop_papers), last visit 11.10.2013.
- 494.
Grimm, “Integration by Constitution,” 201.
- 495.
Ibid., 201.
- 496.
Ibid., 204.
- 497.
Ladeur, “‘We, the European People,” 149.
- 498.
Ibid., 150.
- 499.
Ibid., 152.
- 500.
Ibid., 154.
- 501.
Grimm, “Does Europe Need Constitution?,” 284.
- 502.
Ladeur, “We, the European People,” 159.
- 503.
McIlwain, Constitutionalism, 128.
- 504.
Grimm, “Does Europe Need Constitution?,” 288.
- 505.
Tully, Strange Multiplicity, 187.
- 506.
Ibid., 187.
- 507.
Ladeur, “We, the European People,” 159.
- 508.
Neves, “Comparing Transconstitutionalism,” 4.
- 509.
Tully, Strange Multiplicity, 30 ff., and 183.
- 510.
Ibid., 57.
- 511.
Ibid.,101.
- 512.
Ibid., 99.
- 513.
Ibid., 26.
- 514.
Ibid., 43.
- 515.
Ibid., 45.
- 516.
Ibid., 53.
- 517.
Ibid., 57.
- 518.
Grimm, “Types of Constitutions,” 100.
- 519.
Ibid., 98.
- 520.
John Ferejohn, Jack N. Rakove and Jonathan Riley, “Editor’s Introduction,” in Constitutional Culture and Democratic Rule, ed. John Ferejohn, Jack N. Rakove and Jonathan Riley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 8, 14.
- 521.
Goldsworthy, “Constitutional Interpretation,” 706 ff.
- 522.
Ferejohn et al., “Editor’s Introduction,” 14.
- 523.
Aalt Willem Heringa and Philipp Author Kiiver, Constitutions Compared: An Introduction to Comparative Constitutional Law, 3rd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 2-3. A variant form of this categorization is the “big-C” and “small-c” constitutions. Gardbaum, “Place of Constitutional Law,” 170-171. However, in this categorization, “small-c constitution” is rather used to imply the customary British Constitution. This book aims at highlighting common broader contexts for all constitutions. Therefore, such categorization may not answer the purpose.
- 524.
Heringa and Kiiver, Constitutions Compared, 3.
- 525.
Ibid., 3.
- 526.
Ibid.
- 527.
Ibid., 4.
- 528.
Ibid.
- 529.
Ibid. Heringa and Kiiver prefer naming this fact as “working constitution.” It would also be called as “Constitution in Action” with a reference to the idea of “Law in Action” of Roscoe Pound.
- 530.
Ibid., 5.
- 531.
Roe v. Wade, 410 US 113 (1973) and Schwangerschaftsabbruch II, BVerfGE 88, 203, cited by Vorländer, “What is ‘Constitutional Cultures’,” 22.
- 532.
Heringa and Kiiver, Constitutions Compared, 4.
- 533.
Gardbaum, “Place of Constitutional Law,” 171.
- 534.
For example, Fassbender’s definition for constitution: Bardo Fassbender, “Rediscovering a Forgotten Constitution: Notes on the Place of the UN Charter in the International Legal Order,” in Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law, and Global Governance, ed. Jeffrey L. Dunoff and Joel P. Trachtman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 139.
- 535.
Peer Zumbansen, “Carving Out Typologies and Accounting for Differences Across Systems: Towards a Methodology of Transnational Constitutionalism,” in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, ed. Michel Rosenfeld and Andras Sajo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 82.
- 536.
Ran Hirschl, “On the Blurred Methodological Matrix of Comparative Constitutional Law,” in The Migration of Constitutional Ideas, ed. Sujit Choudry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 40.
- 537.
Choudry, “Migration as a New Metaphor,” 14.
- 538.
Herringa and Kiiver, Constitutions Compared, 4. William Twining, Globalisation and Legal Scholarship, Tilburg Law Lectures Series, Montesquieu Seminars 4 (Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers, 2009), 48.
- 539.
Zumbansen, “Carving Out Typologies,” 77.
- 540.
Cotterrell, Sociology of Law.
- 541.
Choudry, “Migration as a New Metaphor,” 17. Michael King, “Comparing Legal Cultures in the Quest for Law’s Identity,” in Comparing Legal Cultures, ed. David Nelken (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1997), 119.
- 542.
Pierre Legrand, “European Legal Systems are not Converging,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 45 (1996): 56.
- 543.
Pierre Legrand, “What ‘Legal Transplants’?,” in Adapting Legal Cultures, ed. David Nelken and Johannes Feest (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2001), 59, cited by Choudry, “Migration as a New Metaphor,” 17.
- 544.
Pierre Legrand, “Comparative Legal Studies and The Matter of Authenticity,” Journal of Comparative Law 1 (2006): 374. Emphasis belongs to the original text.
- 545.
Legrand, “European Legal Systems,” 58.
- 546.
And therefore it is impossible, says Legrand, cited by Choudry, “Migration as a New Metaphor,” 17. Also Legrand, “European Legal Systems.”
- 547.
Legrand, “Comparative Legal Studies,” 367.
- 548.
Geoffrey Samuel, An Introduction to Comparative Law Theory and Method (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2014), 164.
- 549.
Legrand, “Comparative Legal Studies,” 368. At this point, in contrast to Legrand, it could be argued that functionalist views about world systems do not reject cultural differentiation at all times. For example, King demonstrates that cultural views are not incompatible with the autopoetic theory of Luhmann; instead, each subsystem of communication attributes different meanings to the concept of culture, from its own standpoint. In this sense, legal culture means “law and its environment.” King, “Comparing Legal Cultures,” 119-134.
- 550.
Lawrence M. Friedman, Law and Society: An Introduction (New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc., 1977). For a summary of historical development and different approaches to legal culture: Sally Engle Merry, “What is Legal Culture? An Anthropological Perspective,” Journal of Comparative Law 5 (2010): 40-58. Menachem Mautner, “Three Approaches to Law and Culture,” Cornell Law Review 96 (2011): 839-867.
- 551.
Ferejohn et al., “Editor’s Introduction,” 10.
- 552.
Siegel, “Constitutional Culture,” 1327.
- 553.
Tully, Strange Multiplicity, 30.
- 554.
Siegel, “Constitutional Culture,” 1327.
- 555.
Hensel, “Constitutional Cultures,” 5.
- 556.
Wenzel, “From Contract to Mental,” 70.
- 557.
Ibid., 67.
- 558.
Daniel P. Franklin, “American Political Culture and Constitutionalism,” in Political Culture and Constitutionalism: A Comparative Approach, ed. Daniel Franklin and Michael Baun (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 43.
- 559.
Karl Loewenstein, Political Power and the Governmental Process (1957), 147 ff., cited by Grimm, “Types of Constitutions,” 107.
- 560.
Rosenfeld, “Constitutional Identity,” 757.
- 561.
Ibid., 758.
- 562.
Ferejohn et al., “Editors’s Introduction,” 11. Post.
- 563.
Griffith “Brave New World,” 175.
- 564.
Gee, “Political Constitutionalism of Griffith,” 43
- 565.
Goldoni and McCorkindale, “A Note From the Editors,” 2108.
- 566.
Hermann Heller, “The Nature and Structure of the State,” trans. David Dyzenhaus, Cardozo Law Review 18 (1996): 1139, 1185–1186, cited by David Schneiderman, “Property Rights and Regulatory Innovation: Comparing Constitutional Cultures,” International Journal of Constitutional Law 4, no. 2 (2006): 375.
- 567.
Ibid.
- 568.
As an originalist, Chief Justice Rehnquist supposes the opposite about the character of the constitution and constitutional law. In his view, a constitution should be regarded within the scope of the positive law. Robert C. Post, “Foreword: Fashioning the Legal Constitution: Culture, Courts, and Law,” Harvard Law Review 117 (2003): 30
- 569.
Ibid., 8.
- 570.
Ibid., 37.
- 571.
Ibid., 10.
- 572.
Ibid.
- 573.
Ibid., 24-34.
- 574.
Ibid., 40-41.
- 575.
Ibid., 54.
- 576.
Ibid., 55.
- 577.
Ibid., 54.
- 578.
Ibid., 76-77.
- 579.
Ibid., 105.
- 580.
Ibid., 107.
- 581.
Vorländer, “What is ‘Constitutional Cultures’,” 31.
- 582.
Post, “Foreword,” 77.
- 583.
Ibid., 82.
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Atilgan, A. (2018). Meaning of Contemporary Constitution. In: Global Constitutionalism. Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht, vol 275. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55647-4_4
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