Constitutionalism in Global Context: A Developing Discourse

Atilgan, Aydin

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-55647-4_3

Constitutionalism in Global Context: A Developing Discourse

Aydin Atilgan⁵

Chapter
First Online: 08 November 2017

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Part of the book series: Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht ((BEITRÄGE,volume 275))

Abstract

Global constitutionalism is an umbrella term that is employed to frame the diverse activities beyond the national domain.

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Notes

1.
Christine E.J. Schwöbel, Global Constitutionalism in International Legal Perspective (Leiden: Nijhoff, 2011), 1. For other scholars suggesting a similar definition: Jeffrey L. Dunoff and Joel P. Trachtman, “A Functional Approach to Global Constitutionalism” (Harvard Public Law Working Paper no. 08-57, 2008, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1311983), 21, last visit 19.04.2015.
2.
Anne Peters, “The Merits of Global Constitutionalism,” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 16, no. 2 (2009): 397.
3.
Stefan Oeter, “Regime Collisions from a Perspective of Global Constitutionalism,” in Contested Regime Collisions: Norm Fragmentation in World Society, ed. Kerstin Blome et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 22.
4.
Anne Peters, “Fragmentation and Constitutionalization,” in The Oxford Handbook of the Theory of International Law, ed. Anne Orford and Florian Hoffmann (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 1020.
5.
Lars Viellechner, “Verfassung als Chiffre,” Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 1 (2015): 237.
6.
Peters, “Merits of Global Constitutionalism,” 397.
7.
For example: Schwöbel, Global Constitutionalism. Antje Wiener, “Global Constitutionalism: Mapping an Emerging Field” (Paper presented at the Conference “Constitutionalism in a New Key? Cosmopolitan, Pluralist and Public Reason-Oriented,” WZB and Humboldt University, Berlin, 28-29 January 2011, http://cosmopolis.wzb.eu/content/programs/ conkey_Wiener_Mapping-Field.pdf), last visit 10.01.2014. Poul Kjaer, Constitutionalism in the Global Realm: A Sociological Approach (London: Routledge, 2014), 6-7. Stefan Oeter, “Global Constitutionalism: Fundamental Norms, Contestation and the Emergence of Constitutional Quality,” in Peace Through Law: Reflections on Pacem in Terries from Philosophy, Law, Theology and Political Science, ed. Heinz-Gerhard Justenhoven and Marry Ellen O’Connell (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2016), 90 ff.
8.
Schwöbel, Global Constitutionalism.
9.
Ibid., 11.
10.
Pauline Kleingeld, “Six Varieties of Cosmopolitanism in Late Eighteenth-Century Germany,” Journal of the History of Ideas 60, no. 3 (1999): 505.
11.
Paul Schiff Berman, “From International Law to Law and Globalization” (University of Connecticut School of Law Articles and Working Papers, Paper 23, 2005, http://lsr.nellco.org/uconn_wps/23), 540, last visit 11.07.2013.
12.
Kleingeld, “Six Varieties of Cosmopolitanism,” 505.
13.
Ibid., 509.
14.
Jürgen Habermas, “Does the Constitutionalisation of International Law Still Have a Chance?,” in Divided West, ed. and trans. Cionan Cronin (Cambridge: Polity, 2006), 115-193.
15.
Kleingeld, “Six Varieties of Cosmopolitanism,” 513.
16.
Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch, trans. W. Hastie (published by Slought Foundation, Philadelphia and the Syracuse University Humanities Center, 2010, http://perpetualpeaceproject.org/initiatives/publication.php), 12, last visit 08.09.2014.
17.
Ibid., 13.
18.
Ibid., 17,
19.
James A. Yunker, The Idea of World Government: From Ancient Times to the Twenty First Century (London: Routledge, 2011), 29.
20.
Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, “Multilevel Trade Governance in the WTO Requires Multilevel Constitutionalism,” in Constitutionalism, Multilevel Trade, Governance and International Economic Law, ed. Christian Joerges and Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2011), 13. Martti Koskenniemi. “Constitutionalism as Mindset: Reflections on Kantian Themes about International Law and Globalization,” Theoretical Inquiries in Law 9 (2007): 12.
21.
Seyla Benhabib, Another Cosmopolitanism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 16.
22.
Kleingeld, “Six Varieties of Cosmopolitanism,” 505.
23.
Robert Fine and Will Smith, “Jürgen Habermas’s Theory of Cosmopolitanism,” Constellations 10, no. 4 (2003): 469.
24.
Ibid., 470.
25.
Habermas, “Constitutionalisation of International Law,” 115.
26.
Ibid., 156.
27.
Ibid., 122.
28.
Ibid., 123.
29.
Ibid., 124.
30.
Ibid., 132.
31.
Ibid.
32.
Ibid., 133.
33.
Ibid., 134.
34.
Ibid., 136-137.
35.
Brun-Otto Bryde, “Konstitutionalisierung des Völkerrechts und Internationalisierung des Verfassungsrechts,” Der Staat Bd. 42 (2003), H. 1, 61-75 cited by Ibid., 139.
36.
Ibid., 176 ff.
37.
Ibid., 117, 179.
38.
Ibid., 183.
39.
Neil Walker, “Making a World of Difference? Habermas, Cosmopolitanism and the Constitutionalization of International Law” (EUI Working Papers, Law No. 17, 2005, http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/3762/WPLAWNo.200517Walker.pdf?sequence=1), 3, last visit 11.10.2013.
40.
Fine and Smith, “Habermas’s Theory of Cosmopolitanism,” 474.
41.
Ibid.
42.
Jürgen Habermas, The Postnational Constellation (Cambridge: Polity, 2001), 107.
43.
Ulrich Beck, Cosmopolitan Vision, trans. Ciaran Cronin (Cambridge: Polity, 2006), 2.
44.
Dieter Grimm, “The Constitution in the Process of Denationalization,” Constellations 12, no. 4 (2005): 458.
45.
Bardo Fassbender, “The United Nations Charter as Constitution of the International Community,” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 36, no. 3 (1998): 538.
46.
Andreas L. Paulus, “International Legal System as a Constitution,” in Ruling the World?: Constitutionalism, International Law, and Global Governance, ed. Jeffrey L. Dunoff and Joel P. Trachtman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 73.
47.
Ibid., 76.
48.
Anne Peters, “Compensatory Constitutionalism: The Fundamental Function and Potential of Fundamental International Norms and Structures,” Leiden Journal of International Law 19 (2006): 595.
49.
Ibid. 596.
50.
Jan Klabbers, “Constitutionalism Lite,” International Organizations Law Review 1 (2004), 32.
51.
Mathias Albert, “World State: Brunkhorst’s ‘Cosmopolitan State’ and Varieties of Differentiation,” Social & Legal Studies 23, no. 4 (2014): 519.
52.
Hauke Brunkhorst, “The Co-evolution of Cosmopolitan and National Statehood – Preliminary Theoretical Considerations on the Historical Evolution of Constitutionalism,” Cooperation and Conflict 47, no. 2 (2012), 177.
53.
Albert, “World State,” 518.
54.
Brunkhorst, “Cosmopolitan and National Statehood,” 177.
55.
Albert, “World State,” 524.
56.
Brunkhorst, “Cosmopolitan and National Statehood,” 178.
57.
Ibid., 182-183.
58.
Ibid., 186, emphasis belongs to the original text.
59.
Ibid., 187.
60.
Albert, “World State,” 525.
61.
Hauke Brunkhorst, Solidarity: From Civic Friendship to a Global Legal Community, trans. Jeffrey Flynn (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2005), 7.
62.
Hauke Brunkhorst, “Globalising Democracy Without a State: Weak Public, Strong Public, Global Constitutionalism,” Millennium - Journal of International Studies 31 (2002): 676.
63.
Ibid., 675.
64.
Ibid., 679.
65.
Ibid.
66.
Ibid., 677.
67.
Ibid., 676.
68.
Ibid., 680.
69.
Alexander Wendt, “Why a World State is Inevitable,” European Journal of International Relations 9, no. 4 (2003): 491.
70.
Ibid., 519.
71.
Yunker, The Idea of World Government, 5.
72.
Anne-Marie Slaughter, A New World Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 8.
73.
Yunker, The Idea of World Government, 15.
74.
Ibid., 29.
75.
Wendt, “World State is Inevitable,” 503.
76.
Ibid., 491.
77.
Ibid., 492.
78.
Ibid., 515.
79.
Ibid., 518.
80.
Yunker, The Idea of World Government, 93.
81.
Ibid., 106.
82.
Ibid., 107.
83.
Fassbender, “The United Nations Charter,” 531.
84.
Christian Tomuschat, “Obligations Arising for States Without or Against Their Will,” Recueil des Cours 241, no. 4 (1993): 248.
85.
Michael W. Doyle. “The UN Charter – A GlobalConstitution?,” in Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law, and Global Governance, ed. Jeffrey L. Dunoff and Joel P. Trachtman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 115.
86.
Fassbender, “The United Nations Charter,” 558.
87.
Bardo Fassbender, “Rediscovering a Forgotten Constitution: Notes on the Place of the UN Charter in the International Legal Order,” in Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law, and Global Governance, ed. Jeffrey L. Dunoff and Joel P. Trachtman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 139.
88.
Fassbender, “The United Nations Charter,” 561.
89.
Ibid., 569.
90.
Ibid., 570.
91.
Ibid., 573.
92.
Ibid., 567.
93.
Bardo Fassbender, “The Meaning of International Constitutional Law,” in Transnational Constitutionalism: International and European Models, ed. Nicholas Tsagourias (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 2007, 322.
94.
Fassbender, “The United Nations Charter,” 573.
95.
Harry S. Truman, Speech at the Final session of the San Francisco Conference (June 26, 1945), in 1 Documents of the United Nations Conference on International Organization 680 (1945), cited by Fassbender, “Rediscovering a Forgotten Constitution,” 134.
96.
Fassbender, “The United Nations Charter,” 578.
97.
Ibid., 580.
98.
Ibid., 580.
99.
Ibid., 585.
100.
Fassbender, “Rediscovering a Forgotten Constitution,” 142-143.
101.
Ibid., 143.
102.
Fassbender, “The United Nations Charter,” 588.
103.
Ibid.
104.
Ulrich K. Preuß, “Equality of States – Its Meaning in a Constitutionalised Global Order,” Chicago Journal of International Law 9, no.1 (2008-2009): 39.
105.
Habermas, “Constitutionalisation of International Law,” 160.
106.
Ibid., 161.
107.
Paulus, “International Legal System,” 77.
108.
Karl-Heinz Ladeur, “Ein Recht der Netzwerke für die Weltgesellschaft oder Konstitutionalisierung der Völkergemeinschaft,” Archiv des Völkerrechts 49 (2011): 259.
109.
Preuß, “Equality of States,” 41.
110.
Al-Dulimi and Montana Management Inc. v. Switzerland, 5809/08, Concurring Opinion Of Judge Pinto De Albuquerque, Joined By Judges Hajiyev, Pejchal And Dedov (21.06.2016), para. 8, http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-164515, last visit 12.03.2017.
111.
Preuß, “Equality of States,” 41.
112.
Doyle, “UN Charter,” 113.
113.
Ladeur, “Ein Recht der Netzwerke,” 249.
114.
Al-Dulimi and Montana Management Inc. v. Switzerland, Concurring Opinion, para. 8.
115.
Therefore, UN Law is “subordinated to the primacy of the Convention as a constitutional instrument of European public order.” Ibid., para. 59, 71. However, according to Peters, this presumption paves the way for domestic judicial review of the Security Council decisions, and this may give rise to unfair results especially for the people subject to listing decisions of the Security Council. Such a problem demonstrates the urgency of further constitutionalization of the UN, particularly in terms of the sanctions regime. Anne Peters, “The New Arbitrariness and Competing Constitutionalisms: Remarks on ECtHR Grand Chamber Al-Dulimi,” EJIL: Talk, June 30, 2016, http://www.ejiltalk.org/the-new-arbitrariness-and-competing-constitutionalisms-remarks-on-ecthr-grand-chamber-al-dulimi/?, last visit 03.03.2017.
116.
Paulus, “International Legal System,” 78.
117.
Jeffrey L. Dunoff, “The Politics of International Constitutions: The Curious Case of the World Trade Organization,” in Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law and Global Governance, ed. Jeffrey L. Dunoff and Joel P. Trachtman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 179.
118.
Joel P. Trachtman, “Constitutional Economics of the World Trade Organization,” in Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law and Global Governance. ed. Jeffrey L. Dunoff and Joel P. Trachtman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 217.
119.
Appellate Body Report, United States - Standards of Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, 16 WT/DS2/AB/R (April 29, 1996); Panel Report, Korea - Measures Affecting Government Procurement, 7.96, WT/DS163/R (May 1, 2000), cited by Koskenniemi, “Constitutionalism as Mindset,” 19.
120.
Trachtman, “Constitutional Economics,” 206.
121.
Dunoff, “Politics of International Constitutions,” 184.
122.
Ibid., 185.
123.
Ibid., 188.
124.
Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, “The WTO Constitution and Human Rights,” Journal of International Economic Law 3 (2000), 19.
125.
Ibid., 20.
126.
Dunoff, “Politics of International Constitutions,” 188.
127.
Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, “Constitutionalism and International Organizations,” Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 17 (1996-1997): 399.
128.
Ibid., 400.
129.
Petersmann, “WTO Constitution and Human Rights,” 24.
130.
Petersmann, “Multilevel Trade Governance,” 15.
131.
Ibid., 31.
132.
Ibid, 32-33.
133.
Ibid., 37.
134.
Trachtmann, “Constitutional Economics,” 217.
135.
Dunoff, “Politics of International Constitutions,” 190.
136.
Ibid., 189.
137.
Ibid., 180-181.
138.
Petersmann, “Multilevel Trade Governance,” 30.
139.
Dunoff, “Politics of International Constitutions,” 183.
140.
Ibid., 195.
141.
Ibid., 204.
142.
Petersmann, “Multilevel Trade Governance,” 35.
143.
Ibid., 57.
144.
Ladeur, “Ein Recht der Netzwerke,” 321.
145.
Niklas Luhmann, “The Unity of the Legal System,” in Autopoietic Law: A New Approach to Law and Society, ed. Gunther Teubner (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1988), 17.
146.
Chris Thornhill, “Niklas Luhmann and the Sociology of the Constitution,” Journal of Classical Sociology 10, no. 4 (2010): 321.
147.
Niklas Luhmann, A Sociological Theory of Law, trans. Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King-Utz, ed. Martin Albrow (Florence, KY: Routledge, 2013), 10.
148.
Clemens Mattheis, “The System Theory of Niklas Luhmann and the Constitutionalization of the World Society,” Göttingen Journal of International Law 4, no. 2 (2012): 637.
149.
Ibid., 641.
150.
Niklas Luhmann, “Globalizaton or World Society: How to Conceive of Modern Society?,” International Review of Sociology: Revue Internationale de Sociologie 7, no. 1 (1997): 67-79.
151.
Ibid.
152.
Mattheis, “System Theory of Luhmann,” 638.
153.
Ibid.
154.
Luhmann, “Globalizaton or World Society.”
155.
Mattheis, “System Theory of Luhmann,” 640.
156.
Thornhill, “Niklas Luhmann,” 320.
157.
Ibid., 323.
158.
Ibid., 325.
159.
Ibid., 326.
160.
Ibid.
161.
Ibid. 327.
162.
Ibid.
163.
Ibid.
164.
Ibid., 328.
165.
Ibid.
166.
Mattheis, “System Theory of Luhmann,” 632.
167.
Thornhill, “Niklas Luhmann,” 329.
168.
Ibid., 330.
169.
Mattheis, “System Theory of Luhmann,” 642.
170.
Thornhill, “Niklas Luhmann,” 332.
171.
Ibid.
172.
Gunther Teubner, Constitutional Fragments: Societal Constitutionalism and Globalization, trans. Gareth Norbury (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 35.
173.
Andreas Fischer-Lescano and Gunther Teubner, “Regime-collisions: The Vain Search for Legal Unity in the Fragmentation of Global Law,” Michigan Journal of International Law 25, no. 4 (2004): 1000.
174.
Ibid., 1017.
175.
Ibid., 1006.
176.
Ibid., 1004.
177.
Gunther Teubner, “Global Private Regimes: Neo-Spontaneous Law and Dual Constitution of Autonomous Sectors?,” in Globalization and Public Governance ed. Karl-Heinz Ladeur (Ashgate: Aldershot, 2004), 73.
178.
Ibid., 74.
179.
Karl-Heinz Ladeur, “Governance, Theory of” Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, last updated: September 2010, http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e940?rskey=8nhhTc&result=5&prd=EPIL, last visit, 01.11.2014. Fischer-Lescano and Teubner, “Regime collisions,” 1011.
180.
Teubner, “Global Private Regimes,” 76.
181.
Ibid., 82.
182.
Fischer-Lescano and Teubner, “Regime-collisions,” 1007.
183.
Ibid.
184.
Ibid., 1012.
185.
Ibid., 1010-1011.
186.
Teubner, Constitutional Fragments, 1.
187.
Ibid., 3.
188.
Karl-Heinz Ladeur, “The Emergence of Global Administrative Law and Transnational Regulation” (Instiute for International Law and Justice Working Paper, no. 2011/1, Finalized 04.04.2011, http://www.iilj.org/publications/the-emergence-of-global-administrative-law-and-transnational-regulation-2/), 246, last visit 19.12.2013.
189.
Teubner, “Global Private Regimes,” 74.
190.
Fischer-Lescano and Teubner, “Regime-collisions,” 1016.
191.
Ibid.
192.
Teubner, Constitutional Fragments, 51.
193.
Ibid, 55.
194.
Ibid, 82.
195.
Ibid., 33.
196.
Stefan Oeter, “Theorizing Global Legal Order - An Institutionalist Perspective,” in Theorizing the Global Legal Order, ed. Andrew Halpin and Volker Roeben (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2009), 82.
197.
Andreas Fischer-Lescano and Gunther Teubner, “Reply to Andreas L. Paulus, Consensus as Fiction of Global Law,” Michigan Journal of International Law 25 (2003-2004): 1067. Also Oeter, “Theorizing Global Legal Order,” 82.
198.
Martti Koskenniemmi, From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument; With a New Epilogue (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). Martti Koskenniemi, “The Politics of International Law: 20 Years Later,” European Journal of International Law 20, no.1 (2009): 12.
199.
Fischer-Lescano and Teubner, “Regime-Collisions,” 999-1046.
200.
Ibid., 1013.
201.
Ibid., 1032.
202.
Paulus, “International Legal System,” 82.
203.
Andreas Fischer-Lescano, “Die Emergenz der Globalverfassung,” Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 63, no. 3 (2003): 738.
204.
Ibid.
205.
Fischer-Lescano and Teubner, “Regime-Collisions,” 1045.
206.
Christian Tomuschat, Der Verfassungsstaat im Geflecht der internationalen Beziehungen, Veröffentlichungen der Vereinigung der deutschen Staatsrechtslehrer 36 (Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 1978), 7, 51–53 cited by Armin von Bogdandy, “Constitutionalism in International Law: Comment on a Proposal from Germany,” Harvard International Law Journal 47, no.1 (2006): 228.
207.
Ibid., 228.
208.
Ibid., 231.
209.
Anne Peters and Klaus Armingeon, “Introduction: Global Constitutionalism from an Interdisciplinary Perspective,” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 16, no. 2 (2009): 387.
210.
Peters, “Compensatory Constitutionalism,” 580.
211.
Ibid.
212.
Ibid. 591.
213.
Ibid. 601. However, as she clarifies in her text, what is meant by a constitutional network is quite different from what is implied in various disciplines, notably in recent sociology. Thus, the term of network should not lead to a confusion, in consideration of the term “network” which is largely used in this project, beginning from the first Chapter.
214.
Ibid. 602. At this point, it should be repeated that fragmentation is not only an argument of those who reject the idea of global constitutionalism. As seen in the previous section concerning “Microconstitutionalism,” some alternative approaches to global constitutionalism also employ it broadly. In a similar vein, Peters argues that fragmentation should not be viewed as an absolute obstacle against constitutionalization in the global realm. Instead, fragmentation and constitutionalization nourish each other to a great extent, and they can be regarded as “two sides of the same coin.” Peters, “Fragmentation and Constitutionalization,” 1030.
215.
Peters, “Compensatory Constitutionalism,” 583.
216.
Ibid. 597.
217.
Ibid. 599.
218.
Ibid.
219.
Ibid. 610.
220.
Christian Walter, “International Law in a Process of Constitutionalization,” in New Perspectives on the Divide Between National and International Law, ed. Janne Nijman and Andre Nollkaemper (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 198.
221.
Here I basically refer to the ancient Greek meaning of “noetic:” “action of perceiving or thinking” independently of experiments or senses. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/noetic, last visit 01.03.2015.
222.
Martti Koskenniemmi, “The Fate of Public International Law: Between Technique and Politics,” The Modern Law Review 70, no.1 (2007): 19.
223.
Koskenniemi, “Constitutionalism as Mindset,” 13.
224.
Ibid., 18.
225.
Koskenniemi, “Fate of Public International Law,” 24.
226.
Koskenniemi, “Constitutionalism as Mindset,” 9.
227.
Ibid.
228.
Ibid., 35.
229.
Ibid., 34-35.
230.
Ibid., 35.
231.
Ibid., 36.
232.
Schwöbel, Global Constitutionalism, 89.
233.
Ibid., 95.
234.
Ibid., 107.
235.
Ibid., 133.
236.
Ibid., 148.
237.
Ibid.
238.
Grimm, “Constitution in Process of Denationalization,” 447.
239.
Dieter Grimm, “The Achievement of Constitutionalism and its Prospects in a Changed World,” in The Twilight of Constitutionalism? ed. Petra Dobner and Martin Loughlin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 21.
240.
Ibid., 19.
241.
Ibid., 18.
242.
Christopher J. A. Thornhill, A Sociology of Constitutions: Constitutions and State Legitimacy in Historical-sociological Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
243.
Peters, “Fragmentation and Constitutionalization,” 1028.
244.
Ibid. 1028-1029.
245.
Al-Dulimi and Montana Management Inc. v. Switzerland, Concurring Opinion, para. 71.
246.
Neil Walker, “Universalism and Particularism in Human Rights: Trade-Off or Productive Tension?” (Edinburgh School of Law Research Paper no. 2012/10, 2012, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2021071), last visit 13.04.2015. Also, Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Toward a New Legal Common Sense: Law, Globalization, and Emancipation (London: Butterworths, 1995). William Twining, “Implications of ‘Globalisation’ for Law as a Discipline,” in Theorizing the Global Legal Order, ed. Andrew Halpin and Volker Roeben, (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2009). David J. Bederman, Globalization and International Law (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). Jack Donnelly, “Cultural Relativism and Universal Human Rights,” Human Rights Quarterly 6 (1984): 400-419.
247.
At this point, Twining rejects even more moderate ideas that human rights discourse provides a “framework,” “arena” or “meeting ground” for a dialogue, debate of negotiation of values and beliefs between different systems, which were mainly reflected by Habermas and Stuart Hampshire. Twining “Implications of Globalisation,” 56.
248.
Schwöbel, Global Constitutionalism, 98.
249.
Ibid., 102.
250.
James Tully, Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 7.
251.
Immanuel Wallerstein, European Universalism: The Rhetoric of Power (New York: New Press, 2006).
252.
Ibid.
253.
Schwöbel, Global Constitutionalism, 107.
254.
Von Bogdandy, “Constitutionalism in International Law,” 224.
255.
Ibid., 223.
256.
Hans Lindahl, “Legal Order and the ‘Globality’ of Global Law,” in Reflections on Global Law, ed. Shavana Musa and Eefje de Volder (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 36-44.
257.
Ibid., 37-44.
258.
Nico Krisch, Beyond Constitutionalism: The Pluralist Structure of Postnational Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 67.
259.
Ibid., 61. For a similar view on this issue: Ladeur, “Emergence of Global Administrative Law,” 243.
260.
Tully, Strange Multiplicity.
261.
Krisch, Beyond Constitutionalism, 61.
262.
Ibid.
263.
Ibid., 193. Will Kymlicka, Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford Books, 2002).
264.
Walter, “International Law,” 192.
265.
Dieter Grimm, “Does Europe Need a Constitution?,” European Law Journal 1, no. 3 (1995): 297.
266.
Karl-Heinz Ladeur, “‘We, the European People…’-Relache?,” European Law Journal 14, no. 2 (2008): 149.
267.
Ladeur, “Emergence of Global Administrative Law,” 244.
268.
Phillip Allott, “The Emerging International Aristocracy” New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 35, no. 2 (2002), 336.
269.
Brunkhorst, Solidarity, 7.
270.
Oeter, “Theorizing Global Legal Order,” 81.
271.
Brunkhorst, Solidarity, 8.
272.
Schwöbel, Global Constitutionalism, 109-132.
273.
Fischer-Lescano, “Emergenz der Globalverfassung.”
274.
Von Bogdandy, “Constitutionalism in International Law,” 240.
275.
Wiener, “Global Constitutionalism: Mapping,” 11.
276.
Peters, “Fragmentation and Constitutionalization,” 1019.
277.
Anne Peters, “Global Constitutionalism Revisited,” International Legal Theory 11 (2005): 42.
278.
Antje Wiener, “Constitutionalism Unbound: A Practice Approach to Normativity” (Paper presented at 'Practice, Ethics and Normativity' at the Annual Millennium Conference 'Out Of The Ivory Tower - Weaving the Theories and Practice of International Relations, London School of Economics & Political Science, London, 22-23 October 2011, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2103049 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2103049), 9, last visit 11.04.2014.
279.
Kjaer, Constitutionalism in Global Realm, 7.
280.
Krisch, Beyond Constitutionalism, 67.
281.
Walter, “International Law,” 194.
282.
Kjaer, Constitutionalism in Global Realm, 7.
283.
Ibid., 8.
284.
Neil Walker, “Postnational Constitutionalism and the Problem of Translation,” in European Constitutionalism Beyond the State, ed. J.H.H. Weiler and Marlene Wind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 27.
285.
Ibid., 32.
286.
Walker, “Making a World of Difference,” 10.
287.
Paulus, “International Legal System,” 86.
288.
Viellechner, “Verfassung als Chiffre,” 239.
289.
Chris Thornhill, “Rights and Constituent Power in the Global Constitution,” International Journal of Law in Context 10 (2014): 371.
290.
Ibid., 372.
291.
Ibid.

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Atilgan, A. (2018). Constitutionalism in Global Context: A Developing Discourse. In: Global Constitutionalism. Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht, vol 275. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55647-4_3

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