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Alkaliphile

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Extremophile Mikroorganismen

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Zusammenfassung

Lebensräume, die dauerhaft alkalische Bedingungen mit pH-Werten über pH 9 aufweisen, werden primär von alkaliphilen und alkalitoleranten Mikroorganismen besiedelt. Die am besten untersuchten alkalischen Lebensräume stellen Sodaseen dar, die durch die Akkumulation von Natrium(hydrogen)carbonat primär in warmen ariden Gebieten entstehen. In diesen Sodaseen gibt es vielfach eine hohe Primärproduktionsrate durch Filamente-bildende Sauerstoff-produzierende Cyanobakterien. Der Abbau des gebildeten organischen Materials wird insbesondere durch Archaeen (z. B. aus den Gattungen Natronobacterium oder Natronococcus) und Gram-positive Bakterien (insbesondere aus der Gattung Bacillus „sensu-latu“) hervorgerufen. Alkalische Bedingungen können einerseits die Stabilität vieler (insbesondere polymerer) Zellbestandteile herabsetzen und andererseits die für Atmungsprozesse und Stofftransporte wichtigen Protonengradienten beeinflussen. Alkaliphile und alkalitolerante Mikroorganismen halten den pH-Wert ihres Cytoplasmas deutlich unterhalb des pH-Werts der Umgebung. Hieran sind neben spezifischen Zellwandstrukturen vielfach von Natrium-Ionen abhängige Protonen-Antiporter oder Symporter beteiligt. Eine kommerzielle Nutzung alkaliphiler Bakterien findet insbesondere bei der Gewinnung alkalistabiler Enzyme (z. B. für die Waschmittelproduktion) und Nahrungsergänzungsstoffen statt.

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  1. Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Deutschland

    Andreas Stolz

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Stolz, A. (2017). Alkaliphile. In: Extremophile Mikroorganismen. Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55595-8_6

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