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Acidophile

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Extremophile Mikroorganismen

Zusammenfassung

Es gibt zahlreiche Beispiele für das Vorkommen saurer Biotope in unsere Umwelt, die entweder durch organische oder mineralische Säuren beeinflusst werden. Extrem saure Bedingungen mit pH-Werten unter 3 werden meistens durch Schwefelsäure hervorgerufen und finden sich insbesondere in vulkanischen oder durch Bergbauprozesse beeinflussten Gebieten. Säureliebende (acidophile) Organismen zeichnen sich durch ein bevorzugtes Wachstum bei pH-Werten unter pH 5 aus. In den vergangenen Jahren wurden eine Reihe von Bacteria, Archaea aber auch (einzelligen) Eukarya gefunden, die noch bei pH-Werten unter pH 3 zu wachsen vermögen. Derartig niedrige pH-Werte verursachen die Hydrolyse zahlreicher lebenswichtiger Zellbestandteile und beeinflussen die für Transportprozesse und ATP-Synthesen benötigten Protonengradienten. Acidophile Organismen erhalten durchgehend in ihrem Cytoplasma pH-Werte, die deutlich über dem Umgebungs-pH liegen. Dies wird insbesondere durch Protonen-transportierende und Protonen-verbrauchende Reaktionen erreicht. Acidotolerante und acidophile Organismen werden in unterschiedlichen Prozessen bei der Lebensmittel-Herstellung (z. B. Essig, Citronensäure), der Produktion von Fein-Chemikalien (z. B. Itaconsäure) und der Gewinnung von Metallen (Kupfer, Gold. u. a.) eingesetzt.

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  1. Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Deutschland

    Andreas Stolz

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Stolz, A. (2017). Acidophile. In: Extremophile Mikroorganismen. Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55595-8_5

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