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Article 73

Cases of State succession, State responsibility and outbreak of hostilities

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Abstract

Art 73 includes a precautionary reservation, which leaves room for the ILC to formulate rules on State succession, State responsibility as well as the effects of armed conflict on the law of treaties outside the framework of the VCLT. Especially, the issues of State succession and State responsibility were already under consideration by the ILC so that it was considered necessary not to obstruct or anticipate the outcome of these studies. This was a well-considered pragmatic approach because of which the codification process was not overloaded with attempts to codify rules in fields of international law in which it has proved to be particularly difficult to identify the applicable customary law. The article is not considered to be exhaustive but only highlights the most important cases of potential overlaps.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Rosenne (1989), p. 34.

  2. 2.

    Rosenne (1989), pp. 34, 63.

  3. 3.

    Cf [1982-II/2] YbILC 68.

  4. 4.

    Waldock II 38.

  5. 5.

    Report of the Sub-Committee on State Succession [1963-II] YbILC 260, 261; see also Rosenne [1963-II] YbILC 265, 288; Tabibi [1963-II] YbILC 285.

  6. 6.

    Waldock II 77–78 (Draft Art 21).

  7. 7.

    [1963-II] YbILC 206.

  8. 8.

    [1966-II] YbILC 177.

  9. 9.

    [1966-I/2] YbILC 297.

  10. 10.

    Rosenne (1989), p. 35.

  11. 11.

    [1964-II] YbILC 175–176.

  12. 12.

    [1966-II] YbILC 186 (Draft Art 69: “Cases of State succession and State responsibility”): “The provisions of the present articles are without prejudice to any question that may arise in regard to a treaty from a succession of States or from the international responsibility of a State.” See also Rosenne (1989), p. 34.

  13. 13.

    Final Draft, Commentary to Art 69, 267 para 1, 268, para 3.

  14. 14.

    [1963-II] YbILC 189.

  15. 15.

    Final Draft, Commentary to Art 69, 267–268, para 2.

  16. 16.

    UNCLOT I 584.

  17. 17.

    UNCLOT I 484.

  18. 18.

    UNCLOT II 127.

  19. 19.

    Villiger (2009), Art 73 MN 11.

  20. 20.

    Provost (2011), Art 73 MN 1.

  21. 21.

    Art 2 para 1 lit b of the 1978 Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in Respect of Treaties 1946 UNTS 3; Art 2 para 1 lit a of the 1983 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debts UN Doc A/CONF.117/14.C.N.358; Art 2 lit a ILC Articles on Nationality of Natural Persons in Relation to the Succession of States, UNGA Res 55/153, 12 December 2000, UN Doc A/RES/55/153; see also the decision of the arbitral tribunal in the Delimitation of Maritime Boundary Between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal (Guinea-Bissau v Senegal) (1989) 83 ILR 1, para 31.

  22. 22.

    Zimmermann (2006), MN 1; see Craven (1998), p. 142.

  23. 23.

    Crawford (2012), p. 438.

  24. 24.

    Aust (2013), p. 325 et seq; Zimmermann (2006), MN 4.

  25. 25.

    Aust (2013), p. 320; Zimmermann (2006), MN 3.

  26. 26.

    1946 UNTS 3. See on the Convention O’Connell (1979), p. 725; Craven (2008).

  27. 27.

    Zimmermann (2006), MN 5, 12; see Dumberry and Turp (2003), pp. 377–412.

  28. 28.

    Zimmermann (2006), MN 3.

  29. 29.

    Aust (2013), p. 321; see also Eisemann and Koskenniemi (2000).

  30. 30.

    Bothe and Schmidt (1992), Hamant (2007), Mullerson (1993) and Stern (1996).

  31. 31.

    See Hailbronner (1991), p. 18; Oeter (1991), pp. 349–383.

  32. 32.

    Aust (2013), pp. 326–334; Zimmermann (2006), MN 3 et seq; see Crawford (1998); Zimmermann (2000).

  33. 33.

    Aust (2013), p. 322.

  34. 34.

    Zimmermann (2006), MN 13 et seq; see however Crawford (2012), p. 439 et seq; see also Rosenne (1998), pp. 97–106.

  35. 35.

    ICJ Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros [1997] ICJ Rep 7, para 123; see Klabbers (1998), pp. 345–355.

  36. 36.

    Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 26: Continuity of Obligations, 8 December 1997, UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.8/Rev.1; see also UN Commission on Human Rights: Res 1993/23, Succession of States in respect of international human rights treaties, 5 March 1993; Res 1994/16, Succession of States in respect of international human rights treaties, 25 February 1994; Res 1995/18, Succession of States in respect of international human rights treaties, 24 February 1995; Kamminga (1996), p. 469; Mullerson (1993), pp. 473, 490 et seq; Zimmermann (2006), MN 15.

  37. 37.

    Mullerson (1993), pp. 490–492; Kamminga (1996), p. 482 et seq; more cautious but in the same direction Shaw (1994), p. 84.

  38. 38.

    Aust (2013), p. 324.

  39. 39.

    Zimmermann (2006), MN 15.

  40. 40.

    UN Doc E/CN.4/1994/68, paras 13, 20.

  41. 41.

    Rasulov (2003), pp. 158 and 160 for an overview of succession and accession practices.

  42. 42.

    ICJ Genocide Case (Preliminary Objections) [1996] ICJ Rep 595, paras 17–23; see however the separate opinion of Judge Weeramantry [1996] ICJ Rep 640 et seq.

  43. 43.

    ICRC (2016), MN 3219.

  44. 44.

    ICTY Prosecutor v Delalić et al (Appeals Chamber) IT-96-21-A, 20 February 2001, para 110, n 132.

  45. 45.

    ICTY Prosecutor v Delalić et al (Appeals Chamber) IT-96-21-A, 20 February 2001, para 111.

  46. 46.

    Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission, Prisoners of War, Ethiopia’s Claim, Partial Award, (2003) 26 RIAA 73, para 24 et seq.

  47. 47.

    Bühler (2001), p. 115 et seq; Zimmermann (2006), MN 15.

  48. 48.

    Bühler (2001), p. 151 et seq, 180 et seq; Aust (2013), pp. 327, 330.

  49. 49.

    Art 15 1978 Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in Respect of Treaties 1946 UNTS 3.

  50. 50.

    Art 31 1978 Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in Respect of Treaties 1946 UNTS 3.

  51. 51.

    Aust (2013), p. 323; Zimmermann (2006), MN 8.

  52. 52.

    Crawford (2012), p. 424 et seq.

  53. 53.

    Zimmermann (2006), MN 6 et seq.

  54. 54.

    Villiger (2009), Art 73 MN 12.

  55. 55.

    Schröder (2010), MN 4.

  56. 56.

    UNGA Res 56/83, 12 December 2001, UN Doc A/RES/56/83. For the history of codification, see Crawford (2002), p. 874.

  57. 57.

    Art 1 Draft Articles; PCIJ The Factory at Chorzów (Claim for Indemnity) (Merits) PCIJ Ser A No 17, 47 (1928).

  58. 58.

    Crawford (2008), MN 18.

  59. 59.

    On the question whether fault and damage are necessary prerequisites for incurring responsibility, see Crawford and Olleson (2014), p. 462 et seq; see also Diggelmann (2006), pp. 293–305.

  60. 60.

    See Aust and Nolte (2009), p. 1.

  61. 61.

    ICJ LaGrand [2001] ICJ Rep 466, para 124.

  62. 62.

    Crawford (2008), MN 24.

  63. 63.

    Crawford and Olleson (2014), p. 468.

  64. 64.

    See on the concept Tams (2005).

  65. 65.

    Crawford (2008), MN 32 et seq, 46; see on State responsibility and international crimes eg Weiler et al (1989); Rosenne (1997/1998); Gaja (1999).

  66. 66.

    Dupuy (1997), pp. 12, 15.

  67. 67.

    Aust (2013), p. 203 et seq.

  68. 68.

    Dupuy (1997), p. 16.

  69. 69.

    Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, UNGA Res 56/83, 12 December 2001, UN Doc A/RES/56/83.

  70. 70.

    Provost (2011), Art 73 MN 10.

  71. 71.

    ‘Rainbow Warrior’ Affair (New Zealand v France) (1990) 20 RIAA 217, para 75.

  72. 72.

    [2001-II/2] YbILC 55.

  73. 73.

    Dupuy (1997), p. 17.

  74. 74.

    Provost (2011), Art 73 MN 12. A further problematic overlap might be seen in the relationship between Art 23 of the ILC Draft Articles on force majeure and the rules on a supervening impossibility of performance according to Art 61 VCLT.

  75. 75.

    ‘Rainbow Warrior’ Affair (New Zealand v France) (1990) 20 RIAA 217, para 73.

  76. 76.

    Provost (2011), Art 73 MN 16–17; Dupuy (1997), p. 15.

  77. 77.

    See Bowett (1991), pp. 137, 138 et seq; Dupuy (1997), p. 17; Sicilianos (1993), p. 341 et seq.

  78. 78.

    Dupuy (1997), p. 15.

  79. 79.

    See Dupuy (1997), p. 22.

  80. 80.

    Second Report of SR Crawford, 16 March 1999, UN Doc A/CN.4/498, para 257; see also Lefeber (1998), p. 612.

  81. 81.

    Air Services Agreement of 27 March 1946 (United States v France) (1979) 18 RIAA 416; ICJ Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros [1997] ICJ Rep 7, para 84 et seq.

  82. 82.

    Crawford and Olleson (2001), pp. 55, 57.

  83. 83.

    ICJ Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros [1997] ICJ Rep 7, paras 47, 101, 106.

  84. 84.

    Aust (2013), p. 316 et seq.

  85. 85.

    ILC Report of the Study Group on the Fragmentation of International Law, Finalized by Koskenniemi, 13 April 2006, UN Doc A/CN.4/L.682, para 68 et seq; Krieger (2006), p. 270.

  86. 86.

    Fitzmaurice and Elias (2005), p. 146; see in general Linderfalk (2009).

  87. 87.

    See Dupuy (1997), p. 22.

  88. 88.

    Lefeber (1998), p. 611.

  89. 89.

    Cf Shaw (2014), p. 686 et seq.

  90. 90.

    Crawford and Olleson (2001), p. 60.

  91. 91.

    Aust (2013), p. 317.

  92. 92.

    Fitzmaurice (1985), p. 6.

  93. 93.

    Final Draft, Commentary to Art 69, 267, para 2.

  94. 94.

    ICRC (2009), p. 43.

  95. 95.

    Dinstein (2010), p. 1.

  96. 96.

    See eg Art 1 of the 1907 Hague Convention (III) Relative to the Opening of Hostilities; Sect II of the 1907 Hague Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its Annex; Art 3 para 1 Geneva Conventions I–IV; Art 17 Geneva Convention I, Art 33 Geneva Convention II; Section II and Art 21 para 3, Art 67, 118–119 Geneva Convention III; Art 49 para 2, Arts 130, 133–135 Geneva Convention IV; Arts 33–34, 40, 43 para 2, Arts 45, 47, 51 para 3, Arts 59–60 Additional Protocol I and Part IV Section I Additional Protocol I; Arts 4 and 13 para 3 Additional Protocol II; Art 3 paras 1–3 and Art 4 Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War.

  97. 97.

    Delbrück (2000), p. 1371.

  98. 98.

    ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 181 et seq with reference to ICTY Prosecutor v Tadić (Appeals Chamber) (Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction) IT-94-1, 2 October 1995, para 70. The phrase “or between such groups within a State” has not been included in the definition because the draft articles only apply where there is at least one State Party to a treaty; ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 182.

  99. 99.

    ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 182.

  100. 100.

    See also ILC Report 60th Session, UN Doc A/63/10 (2008), 91.

  101. 101.

    Statement of China, UN Doc A/C.6/63/SR.17, para 53.

  102. 102.

    First Report of SR Caflisch, 22 March 2010, UN Doc A/CN.4/627, para 25.

  103. 103.

    (1984) 15 NYIL 321; ILC, The Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties, Memorandum by the Secretariat, 1 February 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/550, para 90.

  104. 104.

    ILC, The Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties, Memorandum by the Secretariat, 1 February 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/550, para 110.

  105. 105.

    Broms (1981), p. 227.

  106. 106.

    Delbrück (2000), p. 1369.

  107. 107.

    ILC, The Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties, Memorandum by the Secretariat, 1 February 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/550, paras 3, 5.

  108. 108.

    (1983) 54 BYIL 370; see ILC, The Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties, Memorandum by the Secretariat, 1 February 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/550, para 5.

  109. 109.

    (1976–1977) 48 BYIL 333 et seq; ILC, The Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties, Memorandum by the Secretariat, 1 February 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/550, para 5.

  110. 110.

    ILC Report 60th Session, UN Doc A/63/10 (2008), 98.

  111. 111.

    Institute of International Law (1912).

  112. 112.

    Harvard Draft 1183–1204.

  113. 113.

    (1985) 61-I AnnIDI 1–27; (1985) 61-II AnnIDI 199–255.

  114. 114.

    UNGA Res 59/41, 16 December 2004, UN Doc A/RES/59/41, para 5.

  115. 115.

    First Report of SR Brownlie, 21 April 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/552.

  116. 116.

    Second Report of SR Brownlie, 16 June 2006, UN Doc A/CN.4/570; Third Report of SR Brownlie, 1 March 2007, UN Doc A/CN.4/578; Fourth Report of SR Brownlie, 14 November 2007, UN Doc A/CN.4/589.

  117. 117.

    ILC Report 60th Session, UN Doc A/63/10 (2008), 80–135.

  118. 118.

    First Report of SR Caflisch, 22 March 2010, UN Doc A/CN.4/627.

  119. 119.

    ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 94; see Vöneky (2011), para 18; Loets (2012), pp. 127–136; Pronto (2013), pp. 227–241; Tan Zhi Peng (2013), pp. 55–76.

  120. 120.

    UNGA Res 66/99 (27 February 2012) UN Doc A/RES/66/99; UNGA Res 69/125 (18 December 2014) UN Doc A/RES/69/125.

  121. 121.

    UNGA, Sixth Committee: Summary Record of the 18th Meeting, 23 October 2014, UN Doc A/C.6/69/SR.18, para 8 (South Africa); para 16 et seq (Russia); para 23 et seq (Colombia); para 27 et seq (Singapore); para 45 (United States).

  122. 122.

    UNGA, Sixth Committee: Summary Record of the 18th Meeting, 23 October 2014, UN Doc A/C.6/69/SR.18, para 9 (South Africa); para 12 (Finland); para 18 (Russia); para 30 et seq (Singapore).

  123. 123.

    UNGA, Sixth Committee: Summary Record of the 18th Meeting, 23 October 2014, UN Doc A/C.6/69/SR.18, para 10 (South Africa), para 20 (Russia); para 27 (Singapore); para 38 (India); para 46 (United States); in favor of a convention Cuba, para 22; Greece, para 39.

  124. 124.

    ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 183.

  125. 125.

    See, for instance, British High Court of Admiralty The Louis 15 December 1817, three British International Law Cases, p. 691, at p. 708; on the other hand: US Supreme Court, Society for the Propagation of the Gospels v Town of New Haven, American International Law Cases, Vol 19, p. 41, at p. 48, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat.) 464.

  126. 126.

    Delbrück (2000), p. 1368; Schwarzenberger (1943), p. 460 et seq.

  127. 127.

    McNair (1961), pp. 698–702.

  128. 128.

    Schwarzenberger (1943), p. 471; Westlake (1913), p. 8.

  129. 129.

    McNair (1961), p. 698.

  130. 130.

    McNair (1961), p. 698: for further UK and US State practice see McNair (1961), pp. 698–702.

  131. 131.

    Delbrück (2000), p. 1369; ILC, The Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties, Memorandum by the Secretariat, 1 February 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/550, para 15.

  132. 132.

    (1912) 25 AnnIDI 611; see also (1911) 24 AnnIDI 200.

  133. 133.

    Harvard Draft 1183–1204.

  134. 134.

    Delbrück (2000), p. 1369.

  135. 135.

    North Atlantic Coast Fisheries (United Kingdom v United States) (1910) 11 RIAA 167, 181.

  136. 136.

    Delbrück (2000), p. 1369.

  137. 137.

    ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 183 et seq.

  138. 138.

    Art 4 Draft Articles: “Where a treaty itself contains provisions on its operation in situations of armed conflict, those provisions shall apply.”; see for pertinent State practice on explicit regulations Dahm et al (2002), p. 759.

  139. 139.

    Art 5 Draft Articles: “The rules of international law on treaty interpretation shall be applied to establish whether a treaty is susceptible to termination, withdrawal or suspension in the event of an armed conflict.“ ; ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 186; see also First Report of SR Caflisch, 22 March 2010, UN Doc A/CN.4/627, paras 51, 81.

  140. 140.

    Art 6 subpara (b) Draft Articles; ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 187.

  141. 141.

    Art 6 subpara (a) Draft Articles; ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 187.

  142. 142.

    Art 13 Draft Articles; ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 193 et seq.

  143. 143.

    Delbrück (2000), p. 1370; ILC, The Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties, Memorandum by the Secretariat, 1 February 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/550, para 17.

  144. 144.

    First Report of SR Caflisch, 22 March 2010, UN Doc A/CN.4/627, para 70; see also ILC Report 60th Session, UN Doc A/63/10 (2008), 96–124.

  145. 145.

    First Report of SR Caflisch, 22 March 2010, UN Doc A/CN.4/627, paras 53, 65.

  146. 146.

    ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 198; Third Report of SR Brownlie, 1 March 2007, UN Doc A/CN.4/578, para 34.

  147. 147.

    See inter alia statements by India UN Doc A/C.6/60/SR.18, para 64; Poland UN Doc A/C.6/60/SR.19, para 19; the United Kingdom, UN Doc A/C.6/60/SR.20, para 1 and the United States, UN Doc A/C.6/60/SR.20, para 34 and UN Doc A/C.6/61/SR.19, para 41.

  148. 148.

    See for the statement of the United States UN Doc A/C.6/60/SR.20, para 34; see also India, UN Doc A/C.6/63/SR.17, para 47; Israel, UN Doc A/C.6/63/SR.18, para 33; Nordic Countries, UN Doc A/C.6/63/SR.16, para 32.

  149. 149.

    First Report of First Report of SR Caflisch, 22 March 2010, UN Doc A/CN.4/627, para 56.

  150. 150.

    Aust (2013), p. 309; Delbrück (2000), p. 1370; Fitzmaurice (1948), pp. 312–317; Hall and Higgins (1924), pp. 453–459; McNair (1961), pp. 693–728; O’Connell (1970), p. 269 et seq; Arts 3 and 6 of the IDI Resolution (1985) 61-I AnnIDI 1–27; (1985) 61-II AnnIDI 199–255.

  151. 151.

    For an overview of State practice with a particular focus on US practice in the light of US American criticism of the Draft Articles see ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 200 et seq.

  152. 152.

    Delbrück (2000), p. 1370.

  153. 153.

    First Report of SR Brownlie, 21 April 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/552, para 107; Delbrück (2000), p. 1370.

  154. 154.

    McNair (1961), p. 723.

  155. 155.

    ILC, The Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties, Memorandum by the Secretariat, 1 February 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/550, para 48 et seq.

  156. 156.

    Brölmann (2005), p. 383 et seq.

  157. 157.

    ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 202.

  158. 158.

    Delbrück (2000), p. 1371; see however Dahm et al (2002), p. 756; McNair (1961), pp. 713-715, 718 et seq.

  159. 159.

    First Report of SR Brownlie, 21 April 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/552, para 80; see, however, ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 205 et seq.

  160. 160.

    First Report of SR Brownlie, 21 April 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/552, para 108 et seq; ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 209.

  161. 161.

    Apparently, to date the only, investment arbitration case concerning armed conflict is Asian Agricultural Products Ltd v Sri Lanka, ICSID Case No ARB/87/3, Award of 27 June 1990.

  162. 162.

    ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 210; cf Aust (2013), p. 310; First Report of SR Brownlie, 21 April 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/552, para 83.

  163. 163.

    Eg Roberts (2013), p. 45 et seq.

  164. 164.

    Ostransky (2015), p. 148 et seq.

  165. 165.

    See, however, Schreuer (2012), p. 3.

  166. 166.

    Ostransky (2015), p. 156.

  167. 167.

    ICJ Construction of a Wall Opinion [2004] ICJ Rep 136, para 106.

  168. 168.

    Krieger (2013), MN 25.

  169. 169.

    Third Report of SR Brownlie, 1 March 2007, UN Doc A/CN.4/578, paras 49, 54; for criticism on this point, see the views of the delegations of South Korea UN Doc A/C.6/60/SR.18, para 36, the United Kingdom UN Doc A/C.6/60/SR.20, para 1, and the United States UN Doc A/C.6/60/SR.20, para 33; see on the differentiation between continuing operation/applicability and the lex specialis rule Krieger (2006), p. 268 et seq.

  170. 170.

    Krieger (2002), p. 669.

  171. 171.

    Akande (1997), p. 183.

  172. 172.

    See ILC, The Effect of Armed Conflicts on Treaties, Memorandum by the Secretariat, 1 February 2005, UN Doc A/CN.4/550, paras 58–63.

  173. 173.

    500 UNTS 95.

  174. 174.

    596 UNTS 261.

  175. 175.

    ICJ Tehran Hostages Case [1980] ICJ Rep 3, para 86.

  176. 176.

    First Report of SR Caflisch, 22 March 2010, UN Doc A/CN.4/627, para 76.

  177. 177.

    ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 189.

  178. 178.

    First Report of SR Caflisch, 22 March 2010, UN Doc A/CN.4/627, para 74 et seq.

  179. 179.

    Draft Art 18 (“Revival of treaty relations subsequent to an armed conflict”): “The present draft articles are without prejudice to the right of States Parties to an armed conflict to regulate, subsequent to the conflict, on the basis of agreement, the revival of treaties, terminated or suspended as a result of the armed conflict.”

  180. 180.

    Draft Art 14 (“Effect of the exercise of the right to individual or collective self-defence on a treaty”): “A State exercising its inherent right of individual or collective self-defence in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations is entitled to suspend in whole or in part the operation of a treaty to which it is a Party insofar as that operation is incompatible with the exercise of that right.”

  181. 181.

    Draft Art 16 (“Decisions of the Security Council”): “The present draft articles are without prejudice to the relevant decisions taken by the Security Council in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.”

  182. 182.

    Draft Art 17 (“Rights and duties arising from the laws of neutrality”): “The present draft articles are without prejudice to the rights and duties of States arising from the laws of neutrality.”

  183. 183.

    Draft Art 18 (“Other cases of termination, withdrawal or suspension”): “The present draft articles are without prejudice to the termination, withdrawal or suspension of treaties as a consequence of, inter alia: (a) a material breach; or (b) supervening impossibility of performance; or (c) a fundamental change of circumstances.”

  184. 184.

    ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 198.

  185. 185.

    Art 15 Draft Articles.

  186. 186.

    ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 194.

  187. 187.

    Fourth Report of SR Brownlie, 14 November 2007, UN Doc A/CN.4/589, para 29 et seq.

  188. 188.

    ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 189 et seq.

  189. 189.

    First Report of SR Caflisch, 22 March 2010, UN Doc A/CN.4/627, paras 89, 91.

  190. 190.

    First Report of SR Caflisch, 22 March 2010, UN Doc A/CN.4/627, para 85.

  191. 191.

    Statement of Switzerland, UN Doc A/CN.4/622.

  192. 192.

    First Report of SR Caflisch, 22 March 2010, UN Doc A/CN.4/627, para 87; ILC Report 62nd Session, UN Doc A/65/10 (2010), 303.

  193. 193.

    ILC Report 60th Session, UN Doc A/63/10 (2008), 98.

  194. 194.

    [1982-II/2] YbILC 68.

  195. 195.

    [1982-II/2] YbILC 68 et seq.

  196. 196.

    [1982-II/2] YbILC 68.

  197. 197.

    [1982-II/2] YbILC 43.

  198. 198.

    Anderson (2011), Art 74 VCLT II MN 10 et seq.

  199. 199.

    [1982-II/2] YbILC 44.

  200. 200.

    [1982-II/2] YbILC 45-7, quote at 47.

  201. 201.

    UN Doc A/Conf/.129/C.1/L.49.

  202. 202.

    Anderson (2011), Art 74 VCLT II MN 14.

  203. 203.

    ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), 180.

  204. 204.

    ILC Report 63rd Session, UN Doc A/66/10 (2011), paras 77–88; see UN Doc UNGA Res 66/100 (9 December 2011); UNGA Res 69/126 (10 December 2014).

  205. 205.

    Anderson (2011), Art 74 VCLT II MN 24.

  206. 206.

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  1. Law Faculty, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Heike Krieger

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    Kirsten Schmalenbach

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Krieger, H. (2018). Article 73. In: Dörr, O., Schmalenbach, K. (eds) Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55160-8_77

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