Abstract
Along with the gas there is a ubiquitous solid component of the diffuse medium, loosely referred to as dust. Its presence was first inferred by distance dependent chromatic extinction (reddening) of starlight. But with satellite observations in the ultraviolet and far infrared, its thermal properties, spatial distribution, and physical makeup have been inferred. In this chapter we discuss the measurement of dust and its relation to the diffuse atomic and molecular gas.
Watch my dust.
— Babe Ruth
For dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return.—Genesis 3:19
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Notes
- 1.
For example, A V is the obscuration in magnitudes in the Johnson V filter with a bandpass of about 800 Å and an effective wavelength of 5500 Å . A B is the extinction in the B filter with a similar bandpass and an effective wavelength of 4450 Å.
- 2.
The theory of scattering of electromagnetic waves from extended, isolated dielectric solids with a variety of shapes—spheres, spheroids, and cylinders—was first developed by Mie (1908) soon after the foundational work on electromagnetic theory by Maxwell, Helmholtz, and Hertz. It is masterfully presented by van de Hulst (1957), Kerker (1969), and Bohren and Huffman (1983) in their books on light scattering by small particles. The applications are very broad. The analogies between the engineering problem of antennas and the beginnings of radar meteorology and radar detection, involving nonspherical dielectrics and conductors led to parallel developments of the theory between engineering and astrophysics. A prime example of this synergy is the review by Greenberg (1968). Much of the work has proceeded in parallel between requirements of atmospheric scientists and astrophysicists. The radar work concentrates on understand the scattering properties of ices. The astronomers need this too but also concern themselves with the absorption and re-emission issues. The reader is urged to consult specific journals, such as Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, The Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, and Journal of the Optical Society of America for both ideas and the latest computational developments.
- 3.
While for atomic absorption the elementary cross section is σ e , the Thomson cross section, there is no such scaling value for a grain other than a shape parameter for solids.
- 4.
The dark nebulae are denoted L followed by a number or, sometimes, LDN followed by a number.
- 5.
This term should not be confused with space weather, referring to the solar wind and its fluctuations induced by photospheric and coronal activity.
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Magnani, L., Shore, S.N. (2017). Observing in the Dark: The Dust-Gas Connection. In: A Dirty Window. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 442. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54350-4_6
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