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Host Environment: Scaffolds and Signaling (Tissue Engineering) Articular Cartilage Regeneration: Cells, Scaffolds, and Growth Factors

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Bio-orthopaedics

Abstract

Despite being a known problem for a long time, cartilage restoration is a relatively new field in orthopaedics. Multiple factors should be considered, such patient profile and the type of lesion. The situation is complicated by the lack of ability to self-repair of this tissue. For such reasons, there is no uniform approach to managing cartilage defects.Autologous chondrocyte transplantation is successfully applied to repair chondral or osteochondral defects and, lately, osteoarthritis early lesions. However, due to several disadvantages, variations of the technique and new strategies have been developed, converging in the tissue engineering approach, which associates to the cells biomimetic scaffolds that can be also treated with soluble or mechanical stimuli to enhance the regenerative potential.To overcome issues due to the loss of chondrocyte phenotype after expansion in monolayer, alternative cell populations have been investigated, such as stem cells, which present a higher stability in culture as well as other properties that make them attractive.Recently, to deal with the problems arising from the high costs of cell expansion and the need of a two-step surgery, natural growth factors combinations, like Platelet Rich Plasma and Bone Marrow Concentrate, have been investigated, with good outcomes. A drawback is the difficulty to standardize the preparations, due to patient variability.Although a variety of developments and good results, there is still a gap between research and clinical application of cartilage tissue engineering. To fill this gap, research should try to identify the optimal scaffold, fabrication technique, cell source, and signalling factor.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Fondi Cinque per Mille (Ministero della Salute, Italy) and by Progetto Regione Emilia Romagna Università 2010-2012 “Regenerative medicine of cartilage and bone”.

To “our Prof.” Andrea Facchini

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. RAMSES Laboratory, Rizzoli RIT—Research, Innovation and Technology Department, Istituto di Ricerca Codivilla Putti, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy

    Livia Roseti & Brunella Grigolo

  2. Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Istituto di Ricerca Codivilla Putti, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy

    Brunella Grigolo

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  1. Livia Roseti
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Correspondence to Brunella Grigolo .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. O.A.S.I. Bioresearch Foundation NPO, Milan, Italy

    Alberto Gobbi

  2. Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre – FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal

    João Espregueira-Mendes

  3. Musculoskeletal and Joint Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA

    John G. Lane

  4. Department of Orthopedics, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Mustafa Karahan

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Roseti, L., Grigolo, B. (2017). Host Environment: Scaffolds and Signaling (Tissue Engineering) Articular Cartilage Regeneration: Cells, Scaffolds, and Growth Factors. In: Gobbi, A., Espregueira-Mendes, J., Lane, J., Karahan, M. (eds) Bio-orthopaedics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54181-4_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54181-4_7

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