Skip to main content

Biomechanics of Lower Limb Injuries

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Injuries and Health Problems in Football

Abstract

Biomechanics is a discipline among the sciences derived from the natural sciences, which deals with physical analysis of biological systems, therefore, the physical analysis of the human body movements. When dimensioned biomechanics in the context of related sciences, whose aim’s to study the movement, we must remember that this scientific context rests on two fundamental facts: (a) the biomechanics has clearly defined its subject matter, thus defining its basic structure of knowledge, and (b) the results of investigations are obtained through the use of scientific methods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Al-Dirini RM, Thewlis D, Paul G. A comprehensive literature review of the pelvis and the lower extremity FE human models under quasi-static conditions. Work. 2012;41(Suppl 1):4218–29. doi:10.3233/WOR-2012-1039-4218.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Alentorn-Geli E, Myer GD, Silvers HJ, Samitier G, Romero D, Lázaro-Haro C, Cugat R. Prevention of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer players. Part 1: mechanisms of injury and underlying risk factors. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(7):705–29. doi:10.1007/s00167-009-0813-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Babbs CF. Biomechanics of heading a soccer ball: implications for player safety. Sci World J. 2001 8;1:281–322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bahr R, Krosshaug T. Understanding injury mechanisms: a key component of preventing injuries in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(6):324–9. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.018341.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Beumer A, van Hemert WL, Swierstra BA, Jasper LE, Belkoff SM. A biomechanical evaluation of the tibiofibular and tibiotalar ligaments of the ankle. Foot Ankle Int. 2003;24(5):426–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bowman Jr KF, Fox J, Sekiya JK. A clinically relevant review of hip biomechanics. Arthroscopy. 2010;26(8):1118–29. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2010.01.027.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Butler AM, Walsh WR. Mechanical response of ankle ligaments at low loads. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25(1):8–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Deschamps K, Roosen P, Nobels F, Deleu PA, Birch I, Desloovere K, Bruyninckx H, Matricali G, Staes F. Review of clinical approaches and diagnostic quantities used in pedobarographic measurements. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2015;55(3):191–204.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. DiStefano LJ, Padua DA, DiStefano MJ, Marshall SW. Influence of age, sex, technique, and exercise program on movement patterns after an anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention program in youth soccer players. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(3):495–505.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Doherty C, Bleakley C, Hertel J, Caulfield B, Ryan J, Delahunt E. Dynamic balance deficits 6 months following first-time acute lateral ankle sprain: a laboratory analysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45(8):626–33.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Dowling GJ, Murley GS, Munteanu SE, Smith MM, Neal BS, Griffiths IB, Barton CJ, Collins NJ. Dynamic foot function as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review. J Foot Ankle Res. 2014;7(1):53. doi:10.1186/s13047-014-0053-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Ekstrand J, Hägglund M, Waldén M. Epidemiology of muscle injuries in professional football (soccer). Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(6):1226–32.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ekstrand J, Timpka T, Hägglund M. Risk of injury in elite football played on artificial turf versus natural grass: a prospective two-cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(12):975–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Flandry F, Hommel G. Normal anatomy and biomechanics of the knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2011;19(2):82–92.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Fuller CW, Ekstrand J, Junge A, Andersen TE, Bahr R, Dvorak J, Hägglund M, McCrory P, Meeuwisse WH. Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures in studies of football (soccer) injuries. Clin J Sport Med. 2006;16(2):97–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Goldman EF, Jones DE. Interventions for preventing hamstring injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;1:CD006782.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hägglund M, Waldén M, Ekstrand J. Risk factors for lower extremity muscle injury in professional soccer: the UEFA Injury Study. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(2):327–35.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Haraguchi N, Armiger RS, Myerson MS, Campbell JT, Chao EY. Prediction of three-dimensional contact stress and ligament tension in the ankle during stance determined from computational modeling. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30(2):177–85.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hewett TE, Ford KR, Hoogenboom BJ, Myer GD. Understanding and preventing ACL injuries: current biomechanical and epidemiologic considerations – update 2010. N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2010;5(4):234–51.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Karandikar N, Vargas OO. Kinetic chains: a review of the concept and its clinical applications. PM R. 2011;3(8):739–45.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kaumeyer G, Malone TR. Ankle injuries: anatomical and biomechanical considerations necessary for the development of an injury prevention program. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1980;1(3):171–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Knudson D. Fundamentals of biomechanics. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kristensen LB, Andersen TB, Sørensen H. Optimizing segmental movement in the jumping header in soccer. Sports Biomech. 2004;3(2):195–208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kucera KL, Marshall SW, Kirkendall DT, Marchak PM, Garrett Jr WE. Injury history as a risk factor for incident injury in youth soccer. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(7):462.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Lees A, Nolan L. The biomechanics of soccer: a review. J Sports Sci. 1998;16(3):211–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Maffulli N, Sharma P, Luscombe KL. Achilles tendinopathy: aetiology and management. J R Soc Med. 2004;97(10):472–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Napier C, Cochrane CK, Taunton JE, Hunt MA. Gait modifications to change lower extremity gait biomechanics in runners: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(21):1382–8.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Neely FG. Biomechanical risk factors for exercise-related lower limb injuries. Sports Med. 1998;26(6):395–413.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Nigg BM. Biomechanics, load analysis and sports injuries in the lower extremities. Sports Med. 1985;2(5):367–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Nigg BM, Wakeling JM. Impact forces and muscle tuning: a new paradigm. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2001;29(1):37–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ortiz A, Micheo W. Biomechanical evaluation of the athlete’s knee: from basic science to clinical application. PM R. 2011;3(4):365–71.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Parkkari J, Kujala UM, Kannus P. Is it possible to prevent sports injuries? Review of controlled clinical trials and recommendations for future work. Sports Med. 2001;31(14):985–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pavei G, Cazzola D, La Torre A, Minetti AE. The biomechanics of race walking: literature overview and new insights. Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14(7):661–70.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Pelletier-Galarneau M, Martineau P, Gaudreault M, Pham X. Review of running injuries of the foot and ankle: clinical presentation and SPECT-CT imaging patterns. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2015;5(4):305–16.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Rahnama N, Reilly T, Lees A. Injury risk associated with playing actions during competitive soccer. Br J Sports Med. 2002;36(5):354–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Reilly T, Williams M. Science and soccer. 2nd ed. London: Routledge 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Reilly T, Williams AM, Nevill A, Franks A. A multidisciplinary approach to talent identification in soccer. J Sports Sci. 2000;18(9):695–702.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Robinson P, White LM. The biomechanics and imaging of soccer injuries. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2005;9(4):397–420.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Sasaki S, Koga H, Krosshaug T, Kaneko S, Fukubayashi T. Biomechanical analysis of defensive cutting actions during game situations: six cases in collegiate soccer competitions. J Hum Kinet. 2015;46:9–18.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Serbest K, Çilli M, Eldoğan O. Biomechanical effects of daily physical activities on the lower limb. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc. 2015;49(1):85–90.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Shan G, Zhang X. From 2D leg kinematics to 3D full-body biomechanics-the past, present and future of scientific analysis of maximal instep kick in soccer. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2011;3(1):23.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Simonsen EB. Contributions to the understanding of gait control. Dan Med J. 2014;61(4):B4823.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Toda H, Nagano A, Luo Z. Age and gender differences in the control of vertical ground reaction force by the hip, knee and ankle joints. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(6):1833–8.

    Google Scholar 

  44. van Mechelen W, Hlobil H, Kemper HC. Incidence, severity, aetiology and prevention of sports injuries: a review of concepts. Sports Med. 1992;14(2):82–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Waldén M, Hägglund M, Ekstrand J. Time-trends and circumstances surrounding ankle injuries in men’s professional football: an 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(12):748–53.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Waldén M, Hägglund M, Ekstrand J. The epidemiology of groin injury in senior football: a systematic review of prospective studies. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(12):792–7.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Waldén M, Hägglund M, Ekstrand J. UEFA Champions League study: a prospective study of injuries in professional football during the 2001–2002 season. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(8):542–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Wannop JW, Luo G, Stefanyshyn DJ. Footwear traction and lower extremity noncontact injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(11):2137–43.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Weiss K, Whatman C. Biomechanics associated with patellofemoral pain and ACL injuries in sports. Sports Med. 2015;45(9):1325–37.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Willems T, Witvrouw E, Verstuyft J, Vaes P, De Clercq D. Proprioception and muscle strength in subjects with a history of ankle sprains and chronic instability. J Athl Train. 2002;37(4):487–93.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Wojtys EM, Brower AM. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the prepubescent and adolescent athlete: clinical and research considerations. J Athl Train. 2010;45(5):509–12. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-45.5.509.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Wong P, Hong Y. Soccer injury in the lower extremities. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(8):473–82.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Woods C, Hawkins R, Hulse M, Hodson A. The Football Association Medical Research Programme: an audit of injuries in professional football: an analysis of ankle sprains. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37(3):233–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Zoric I. Anatomy, physiology and biomechanics of hamstrings injury in football and effective strength and flexibility exercises for its prevention. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2012;7:208–17.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manuel Vieira da Silva .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 ISAKOS

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

da Silva, M.V., Pereira, B. (2017). Biomechanics of Lower Limb Injuries. In: van Dijk, C., Neyret, P., Cohen, M., Della Villa, S., Pereira, H., Oliveira, J. (eds) Injuries and Health Problems in Football . Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53924-8_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53924-8_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-53923-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-53924-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics