Zusammenfassung
In diesem Kapitel geht es zunächst um die biologischen und kulturellen Grundlagen aggressiven Verhaltens (Abschn. 5.1). In Abschn. 5.2 werden die Rolle von Gefühlen, insbesondere von Ärger und Frustration, aber auch von negativem Affekt allgemein für die Auslösung und Intensivierung aggressiven Verhaltens beschrieben. Um das Erlernen aggressiver Verhaltensschemata sowie die Sozialisierung in die gruppenspezifischen aggressionsbezogenen Normen geht es in Abschn. 5.3. In Abschn. 5.4 werden wichtige situative Einflussfaktoren auf aggressives Verhalten aufgezeigt und in Abschn. 5.5 wird – aufgrund der zunehmenden Relevanz – der Einfluss der Medien auf aggressives Verhalten gesondert behandelt.
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Notes
- 1.
Allerdings ist hierbei zu beachten, dass die gleiche Strafe nicht für alle gleichermaßen kostspielig ist. Während Arme oft schon wegen einer Geldstrafe eine Ersatzfreiheitsstrafe absitzen müssen, weil sie die Tagessätze nicht bezahlen können, verbringen Reiche selbst bei Steuerhinterziehung in Millionenhöhe selten lange Zeit im Gefängnis. Durch Hinterlegen einer Kaution entgehen sie der Untersuchungshaft, und mithilfe eines Staranwalts erkämpfen sie sich Freispruch, Aussetzung der Haftstrafe zur Bewährung, Geldstrafe oder -buße, was selten den Verlust ihrer Existenzgrundlage bedeutet (EinfachRente 2013; Kleinhubbert 2008; Thurm 2016).
- 2.
Dort wird ein Fremder nicht als bedrohlich angesehen, und der Besuch eines Fremden ist ein besonderes, positives Ereignis, bei welchem Kinder für ein offenes auf diesen Zugehen von ihren Eltern verstärkt werden.
- 3.
Allele sind die verschiedenen Ausprägungsformen eines Gens (z. B. normal oder mutiert).
- 4.
Einen Überblick zur Beteiligung verschiedener Himregionen und zu hormonellen Einflüssen bei aggressivem Verhalten gibt Adams (2006).
- 5.
Narzisstische Personen legen u. a. übertriebene Erwartungen an eine besonders bevorzugte Behandlung durch andere an den Tag und sind häufig neidisch auf andere (DSM-IV-TR, American Psychiatric Association, 2000), wodurch sie sich vermutlich leichter zurückgesetzt bzw. zurückgewiesen fühlen.
- 6.
Diese Erklärungen konzentrieren sich auf durch Männer ausgeübte Gewalt, da über Kulturen und Epochen hinweg typischerweise 85–95 % der Tötungsdelikte von Männern begangen wurden.
- 7.
Zwar gab es in verschiedenen nordamerikanischen Regionen Gesetze gegen die grausame Behandlung und Tötung von Sklaven, die aber de facto selten angewandt wurden (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States).
- 8.
Vgl. hierzu auch die Ausführungen zum Thema Priming in ▶ Sozialpsychologie I, Abschn. 2.3.
- 9.
Das englische to slash bedeutet „(zer)schneiden“, „schlitzen“. Slasher-Filme sind Filme, in denen ein Mörder systematisch eine Gruppe von Menschen dezimiert; der Täter wird durch die comichafte Überzeichnung zur Kultfigur, die Opfer werden sehr schablonenhaft und deindividuiert dargestellt. In der Folge ergibt sich keine Identifikation mehr mit dem Opfer, kein Mitgefühl.
- 10.
Im Folgenden wird der Begriff „Videospiel“ (in Anlehnung an das englische video game) als Oberbegriff für alle elektronischen visuell-basierten Spiele (PC-, Mobil- und Konsolenspiele) verwendet.
- 11.
Siehe z. B. die „Special Section on Video Games and Children’s Mental Health“ der Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(5), 2015.
- 12.
Ceteris paribus kommt aus dem Lateinischen und bedeutet „unter sonst gleichen Umständen“. Eine Ceteris-paribus-Bedingung ist bei Experimenten von Bedeutung: Will man feststellen, wie eine erste Variable eine zweite beeinflusst, stellt man mehrere Situationen her, die sich idealerweise nur in der Ausprägung der ersten Variable unterscheiden, und misst jeweils die zweite Variable (▶ Sozialpsychologie I, Kap. 1).
- 13.
Modding (vom englischen to modify für „verändern“) bezeichnet umgangssprachlich die Veränderung von Videospielen durch die Nutzer, wodurch neue Varianten des Spiels (Mods) entstehen.
- 14.
Ein Clan ist eine organisierte Gruppe von Spielern, die regelmäßig in einem oder mehreren Multiplayer-Spielen zusammen spielen.
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Werth, L., Seibt, B., Mayer, J. (2020). Aggressives Verhalten. In: Sozialpsychologie – Der Mensch in sozialen Beziehungen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53899-9_5
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