Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Germ Cell Tumors of Miscellaneous Extragonadal Sites

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pathology and Biology of Human Germ Cell Tumors

Abstract

In this chapter we review the epidemiologic and clinicopathologic features of extragonadal germ cell tumors in locations other than mediastinum and the brain, with a special emphasis on their organ-related particularities and their differential diagnoses.

Extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGCTs) represent 3.3 % of all germ cell tumors. In children and young adults, often these rare neoplasms are the result of neoplastic transformation of ectopic primitive germ cells entrapped during their migration toward the developing gonad (types I and II GCT). This explains their medial and paramedial locations and their reproducing both seminomatous and non-seminomatous tumors. However, in adults and older patients, many of them arise from cells similar to induced pluripotential somatic tumor stem cells present in somatic neoplasms of organs (type VI GCT), usually those of endodermal derivation such as the lung, stomach, liver, or urinary bladder, often reproducing non-seminomatous tumors such as yolk sac tumors and choriocarcinoma. GCTs developed in somatic neoplasms overlap significantly with the more common somatic malignancies of such organs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mamsen LS, Brochner CB, Byskov AG, Mollgard K. The migration and loss of human primordial germ stem cells from the hind gut epithelium towards the gonadal ridge. Int J Dev Biol. 2012;56(10–12):771–8. doi:10.1387/ijdb.120202lm.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. McLaren A. Germ cells and germ cell sex. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1995;350(1333):229–33. doi:10.1098/rstb.1995.0156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Upadhyay S, Zamboni L. Ectopic germ cells: natural model for the study of germ cell sexual differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982;79(21):6584–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Nogales FF, Preda O, Nicolae A. Yolk sac tumours revisited. A review of their many faces and names. Histopathology. 2012;60(7):1023–33. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03889.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gonzalez-Crussi F. Extragonadal teratomas. Atlas of tumor pathology. 2nd Series. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Arora RS, Alston RD, Eden TO, Geraci M, Birch JM. Comparative incidence patterns and trends of gonadal and extragonadal germ cell tumors in England, 1979 to 2003. Cancer. 2012;118(17):4290–7. doi:10.1002/cncr.27403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lack EE. Extragonadal germ cell tumors of the head and neck region: review of 16 cases. Hum Pathol. 1985;16(1):56–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bonavolonta G, Strianese D, Grassi P, Comune C, Tranfa F, Uccello G, et al. An analysis of 2,480 space-occupying lesions of the orbit from 1976 to 2011. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;29(2):79–86. doi:10.1097/IOP.0b013e31827a7622.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Holmes T. Congenital tumor removed from the orbit. Trans Pathol Soc London. 1863;14:248.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Singh M, Singh U, Gupta A, Zadeng Z. Primary orbital teratoma with tooth in an adult: a rare association with cataract and corectopia. Orbit. 2013;32(5):327–9. doi:10.3109/01676830.2013.814682.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Levin ML, Leone Jr CR, Kincaid MC. Congenital orbital teratomas. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;102(4):476–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chawla B, Chauhan K, Kashyap S. Mature orbital teratoma with an ectopic tooth and primary anophthalmos. Orbit. 2013;32(1):67–9. doi:10.3109/01676830.2012.747212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Sesenna E, Ferri A, Thai E, Magri AS. Huge orbital teratoma with intracranial extension: a case report. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45(5):e27–31. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.01.031.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mahesh L, Krishnakumar S, Subramanian N, Babu K, Biswas J. Malignant teratoma of the orbit: a clinicopathological study of a case. Orbit. 2003;22(4):305–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Wilson DJ, Dailey RA, Wobig JL, Dimmig JW. Neuroblastoma within a congenital orbital teratoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(2):213–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Katz N, Ruymann F, Margo C, Popejoy L, LaPiana F. Endodermal sinus tumor (yolk-sac carcinoma) of the orbit. J Pediat Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1981;19(5):270–4.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Margo CE, Folberg R, Zimmerman LE, Sesterhenn IA. Endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor) of the orbit. Ophthalmology. 1983;90(12):1426–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bresters D, Zwaan CM, Veerman AJ, Leemans CR, Westerveld GJ, van der Linden JC. A three-year-old girl with a yolk sac tumor in the orbit/maxillary sinus. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;40(1):70–1. doi:10.1002/mpo.1375.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lee J-C, Jung S-M, Chao A-S, Hsueh C. Congenital mixed malignant germ cell tumor involving cerebrum and orbit. J Perinat Med. 2003;31(3):261–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Dragan LR, Aghaian E, Vora R, Kim GE, Seiff SR. Orbital, middle cranial fossa, and pterygopalatine fossa yolk sac tumor in an infant. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;20(6):469–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Mogaddam AS, Memar B, Aledavood A, Eslampoor A. Isolated orbital endodermal sinus tumor. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;23(6):477–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Alkatan HM, Al-Kofide A, Al-Hussain H. Yolk sac tumor: histopathologic report of 2 cases. Can J Ophthalmol/J Can d’Ophtalmol. 2008;43(1):125–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Kiratli H, Balcı KE, Güler G. Primary orbital endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor). J AAPOS. 2008;12(6):623–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gnanaraj L, Skibell BC, Coret-Simon J, Halliday W, Forrest C, DeAngelis DD. Massive congenital orbital teratoma. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;21(6):445–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Nogales Jr FF, Gasca L, Llamas R, Blanco A, Sanz JF. Case Report: epignathus-clinical, radiologic, and pathologic considerations. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1977;15(1):41–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Firat C, Aytekin AH, Akatli AN, Karadag A, Samdanci E. Surgical management of immature teratoma involving the oral cavity and orbit in a neonate. J Craniofac Surg. 2014;25(6):e578–80. doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000001171.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Misra P, Husain Q, Svider PF, Sanghvi S, Liu JK, Eloy JA. Management of sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma: a systematic review. Am J Otolaryngol. 2014;35(1):5–11. doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2013.04.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Carrizo F, Pineda-Daboin K, Neto AG, Luna MA. Pharyngeal teratocarcinosarcoma: review of the literature and report of two cases. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2006;10(6):339–42. doi:10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2006.03.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Heffner DK, Hyams VJ. Teratocarcinosarcoma (malignant teratoma?) of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Cancer. 1984;53(10):2140–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Thomas J, Adegboyega P, Iloabachie K, Mooring JW, Lian T. Sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma with yolk sac elements: a neoplasm of somatic or germ cell origin? Ann Diagn Pathol. 2011;15(2):135–9. doi:10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2010.01.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Vranic S, Caughron SK, Djuricic S, Bilalovic N, Zaman S, Suljevic I, et al. Hamartomas, teratomas and teratocarcinosarcomas of the head and neck: report of 3 new cases with clinico-pathologic correlation, cytogenetic analysis, and review of the literature. BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2008;8:8. doi:10.1186/1472-6815-8-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kimler SC, Muth WF. Primary malignant teratoma of the thyroid. Case report and literature review of cervical teratomas in adults. Cancer. 1978;42(1):311–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Riedlinger WFJ, Lack EE, Robson CD, Rahbar R, Nosé V. Primary thyroid teratomas in children: a report of 11 cases with a proposal of criteria for their diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29(5):700–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Thompson LDR, Rosai J, Heffess CS. Primary thyroid teratomas. Cancer. 2000;88(5):1149–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Pérez-Mies B, Zapata RMR, García-Fernández E, Serrano MN. Malignant teratoma of the thyroid in a pregnant woman. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2010;14(4):264–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ueno NT, Amato RJ, Ro JJ, Weber RS. Primary malignant teratoma of the thyroid gland: report and discussion of two cases. Head Neck. 1998;20(7):649–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Asa SL, Sturgeon JF. Malignant teratoma of the thyroid: Aggressive chemoradiation therapy is required after surgery. Thyroid. 2003;13(4):401–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Akoojee SB. Teratoma of the thyroid gland. S Afr Med J. 1980;57(3):93–4.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Furtado LV, Leventaki V, Layfield LJ, Lowichik A, Muntz HR, Pysher TJ. Yolk sac tumor of the thyroid gland: a case report. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2011;14(6):475–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wierzbicka-Chmiel J, Chrószcz M, Słomian G, Kajdaniuk D, Zajęcki W, Borgiel-Marek H, et al. Mixed germ cells tumour primarily located in the thyroid-a case report. Endokrynol Pol. 2012;63(5):388–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Shadid EA, O’neil E, RT G. Benign teratoid tumor of the parotid: Case Report. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1975;55(3):363–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Rose P, Howard E. Congenital teratoma of the submandibular gland. J Pediatr Surg. 1982;17(4):414–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Choi E-C, Jin J-B, Kim J-Y, Hong W-P, Kim M-J, Park Y-K. Dermoid cyst of the parotid gland. Yonsei Med J. 1988;29(2):199–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. McKiernan D, Koay B, Vinayak B, Gould S, Freeland A. A case of submandibular teratoma. J Laryngol Otol. 1995;109(10):992–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Pirodda A, Ferri GG, Truzzi M, Cavicchi O. Benign cystic teratoma of the parotid gland. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;125(4):429–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Ohta M, Imamura Y, Mori M, Maegawa H, Kojima A, Fujieda S. Benign cystic teratoma of the parotid gland. Acta Cytol. 2009;53(4):427–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Viva E, Zorzi F, Annibale G, Stefini S, Baronchelli C, Bonetti MF. Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor of the parotid gland: a case report. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1992;24(3):269–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sredni ST, da Cunha IW, de Carvalho Filho NP, Magrin J, Pinto CAL, Lopes LF. Endodermal sinus tumor of the parotid gland in a child. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2004;7(1):77–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Rana SS, Swami N, Mehta S, Singh J, Biswal S. Intrapulmonary teratoma: an exceptional disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83(3):1194–6. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.07.072.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Cai C, Zeng Y, Chen H, Gu Y, Zeng Q, Zhong N. Fibrobronchoscopic evidence of endobronchial hairs in intrapulmonary teratoma with hemoptysis but without trichoptysis. Am J Med Sci. 2008;336(5):441–4. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318163a313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Siddiqui FA, Jain A, Maheshwari V, Beg MH. FNA diagnosis of teratoma lung: A case report. Diagn Cytopathol. 2010;38(10):758–60. doi:10.1002/dc.21318.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Dar RA, Mushtaque M, Wani SH, Malik RA. Giant intrapulmonary teratoma: a rare case. Case Rep Pulmonol. 2011;2011:298653. doi:10.1155/2011/298653.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Giunchi F, Segura JJ. Primary malignant teratoma of lung: report of a case and review of the literature. Int J Surg Pathol. 2012;20(5):523–7. doi:10.1177/1066896911431454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Sawant AC, Kandra A, Narra SR. Intrapulmonary cystic teratoma mimicking malignant pulmonary neoplasm. BMJ Case Rep. 2012; doi:10.1136/bcr.02.2012.5770.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kang HS, Lee HY, Kang HH, Park CK, Lee SH, Moon HS. Intrapulmonary teratoma presenting with trichoptysis. J Thorac Oncol. 2013;8(1):126–7. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3182762d07.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Barman S, Mandal KC, Kumar R, Biswas SK, Mukhopadhyay M, Mukhopadhyay B. Congenital cystic lesions of lung in the paediatric population: a 5-year single institutional study with review of literature. Afr J Paediatr Surg. 2015;12(1):66–70. doi:10.4103/0189-6725.150987.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Iwasaki T, Iuchi K, Matsumura A, Sueki H, Yamamoto S, Mori T. Intrapulmonary mature teratoma. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;48(7):468–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Jamieson MP, McGowan AR. Endobronchial teratoma. Thorax. 1982;37(2):157–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Smith CJ. A teratoma of the lung containing teeth. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1967;41(5):413–22.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Steier KJ. Benign cystic teratoma of the lung. Postgrad Med. 1988;83(4):85–6. 91

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Agarwal R, Srinivas R, Saxena AK. Trichoptysis due to an intrapulmonary teratoma. Respir Care. 2007;52(12):1779–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Khan JA, Aslam F, Fatimi SH, Ahmed R. Cough, fever and a cavitary lung lesion--an intrapulmonary teratoma. J Postgrad Med. 2005;51(4):330–1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Joo M, Kang YK, Lee HK, Lee HS, Yum HK, Bang SW, et al. Intrapulmonary and gastric teratoma : report of two cases. J Korean Med Sci. 1999;14(3):330–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Kakkar N, Vasishta RK, Banerjee AK, Garewal G, Deodhar SD, Bambery P. Primary pulmonary malignant teratoma with yolk sac element associated with hematologic neoplasia. Respiration. 1996;63(1):52–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Zenker D, Aleksic I. Intrapulmonary cystic benign teratoma: a case report and review of the literature. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;10(5):290–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Asano S, Hoshikawa Y, Yamane Y, Ikeda M, Wakasa H. An intrapulmonary teratoma associated with bronchiectasia containing various kinds of primordium: a case report and review of the literature. Virchows Arch. 2000;436(4):384–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Serno J, Zeppernick F, Jakel J, Schrading S, Maass N, Meinhold-Heerlein I, et al. Primary pulmonary choriocarcinoma: case report and review of the literature. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2012;74(2):171–6. doi:10.1159/000336784.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Di Crescenzo V, Laperuta P, Napolitano F, Carlomagno C, Garzi A, Vitale M. An unusual case of primary choriocarcinoma of the lung. BMC Surg. 2013;13(Suppl 2):S33. doi:10.1186/1471-2482-13-S2-S33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Gvinianidze L, Panagiotopoulos N, Woo WL, Borg E, Lawrence D. The challenging management of lung choriocarcinoma. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(10):E220–2. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.09.18.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Corpa Rodriguez ME, Fernandez Lahera J, Guadalajara Labajo H, Vazquez Pelillo JC, de Serrano M NM, Garcia Sanchez-Giron J. Choriocarcinoma of the lung. Arch Bronconeumol. 2009;45(3):153–5. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2008.02.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Shintaku M, Hwang MH, Amitani R. Primary choriocarcinoma of the lung manifesting as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130(4):540–3. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[540:PCOTLM]2.0.CO;2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Chen F, Tatsumi A, Numoto S. Combined choriocarcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung occurring in a man: case report and review of the literature. Cancer. 2001;91(1):123–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Hadgu A, Tindni A, Panda M. Primary pulmonary choriocarcinoma in a male. BMJ Case Rep. 2010; doi:10.1136/bcr.02.2010.2712.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Ikura Y, Inoue T, Tsukuda H, Yamamoto T, Ueda M, Kobayashi Y. Primary choriocarcinoma and human chorionic gonadotrophin-producing giant cell carcinoma of the lung: are they independent entities? Histopathology. 2000;36(1):17–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Vegh GL, Szigetvari I, Soltesz I, Major K, Batorfi J, Dancso J, et al. Primary pulmonary choriocarcinoma: a case report. J Reprod Med. 2008;53(5):369–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Berthod G, Bouzourene H, Pachinger C, Peters S. Solitary choriocarcinoma in the lung. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5(4):574–5. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181cbf372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Kradin RL, Young RH, Dickersin GR, Kirkham SE, Mark EJ. Pulmonary blastoma with argyrophil cells and lacking sarcomatous features (pulmonary endodermal tumor resembling fetal lung). Am J Surg Pathol. 1982;6(2):165–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Mardini G, Pai U, Chavez AM, Tomashefski Jr JF. Endobronchial adenocarcinoma with endometrioid features and prominent neuroendocrine differentiation. A variant of fetal adenocarcinoma. Cancer. 1994;73(5):1383–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Arora S, Patel H, Mir P, Mishra S, Kalra A, Sawhney H, et al. A bilateral primary yolk sac tumor of the lung associated with chromosome 3 polysomy: understanding the Oct 3/4 and Sox 2 interaction. Cancer Biol Ther. 2013;14(1):1–4. doi:10.4161/cbt.22624.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Pelosi G, Petrella F, Sandri MT, Spaggiari L, Galetta D, Viale G. A primary pure yolk sac tumor of the lung exhibiting CDX-2 immunoreactivity and increased serum levels of alkaline phosphatase intestinal isoenzyme. Int J Surg Pathol. 2006;14(3):247–51. doi:10.1177/1066896906290657.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Ramirez Gil ME, Martinez Vallina P, Menal Munoz P, Hernandez Ferrandez J, Munoz Gonzalez G, De Andres JJ R. Pulmonary pure yolk-sac tumor. A rare anatomopathological entity. Arch Bronconeumol. 2011;47(3):157–8. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2010.03.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Alberte-Lista L, Chiarelli S, Buritica C, Goncalves L, Gonzalez-Campora R, et al. CD10 is a characteristic marker of tumours forming morules with biotin-rich, optically clear nuclei that occur in different organs. Histopathology. 2008;52(3):389–92. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02911.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Sekine S, Shibata T, Matsuno Y, Maeshima A, Ishii G, Sakamoto M, et al. Beta-catenin mutations in pulmonary blastomas: association with morule formation. J Pathol. 2003;200(2):214–21. doi:10.1002/path.1352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Morita S, Yoshida A, Goto A, Ota S, Tsuta K, Yokozawa K, et al. High-grade lung adenocarcinoma with fetal lung-like morphology: clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular analyses of 17 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2013;37(6):924–32. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31827e1e83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Suzuki M, Yazawa T, Ota S, Morimoto J, Yoshino I, Yamanaka S, et al. High-grade fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung is a tumour with a fetal phenotype that demonstrates diverse differentiation including high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma: a clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and mutational study of 20 cases. Histopathology. 2015; doi:10.1111/his.12711.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Oviedo A, Chou P, Gonzalez-Crussi F. Pathologic quiz case. Abdominal mass in a neonate. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;125(3):445–6. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2001)125<0445:PQCAMI>2.0.CO;2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Gupta DK, Srinivas M, Dave S, Agarwala S, Bajpai M, Mitra DK. Gastric teratoma in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 2000;16(5–6):329–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Sugandhi N, Gupta AK, Bhatnagar V. Gastric teratoma: unusual location and difficulties in diagnosis. Trop Gastroenterol. 2012;33(1):75–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Cairo MS, Grosfeld JL, Weetman RM. Gastric teratoma: unusual cause for bleeding of the upper gastrointestinal tract in the newborn. Pediatrics. 1981;67(5):721–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Singh S, Rawat J, Ahmed I. Immature extragastric teratoma of infancy: a rare tumour with review of the literature. BMJ Case Rep. 2011; doi:10.1136/bcr.12.2010.3674.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Park WH, Choi SO, Kim JI. Congenital gastric teratoma with gastric perforation mimicking meconium peritonitis. J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37(5):E11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Tripathy BB, Saha K, Shukla RM, Mukhopadhyay M, Mukhopadhyay B. Gastric teratoma in a female infant. J Indian Med Assoc. 2010;108(10):694–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Matsukuma S, Wada R, Daibou M, Watanabe N, Kuwabara N, Abe H, et al. Adenocarcinoma arising from gastric immature teratoma. Report of a case in an adult and a review of the literature. Cancer. 1995;75(11):2663–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Ukiyama E, Endo M, Yoshida F, Tezuka T, Kudo K, Sato S, et al. Recurrent yolk sac tumor following resection of a neonatal immature gastric teratoma. Pediatr Surg Int. 2005;21(7):585–8. doi:10.1007/s00383-005-1404-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Bhattacharya NK, Bandyopadhyay R, Chatterjee U, Basu AK. Recurrence of immature gastric teratoma with peritoneal gliomatosis. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2010;20(6):419–20. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1254108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Mohta A, Sengar M, Neogi S, Khurana N. Gastric teratoma with predominant nephroblastic elements. Pediatr Surg Int. 2010;26(9):923–5. doi:10.1007/s00383-010-2670-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Hook S, Spicer R, Williams J, Grier D, Lowis S, Foot A, et al. Severe anemia in a 25-day-old infant due to gastric teratoma with focal neuroblastoma. Am J Perinatol. 2003;20(5):233–7. doi:10.1055/s-2003-42343.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Coulson WF. Peritoneal gliomatosis from a gastric teratoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 1990;94(1):87–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Yeo DM, Lim GY, Lee YS, Sohn DW, Chung JH. Gliomatosis peritonei of the scrotal sac associated with an immature gastric teratoma. Pediatr Radiol. 2010;40(7):1288–92. doi:10.1007/s00247-009-1506-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Govender D, Serra S, Chetty R. Collision tumor of the stomach: an unusual combination of adenocarcinoma and immature “neuroepitheliomatous” teratoma. Int J Surg Pathol. 2012;20(5):507–10. doi:10.1177/1066896911429941.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Sharma A, Arora R, Gupta R, Dinda AK. Immature gastric teratoma in an infant: report of a case and review of the literature. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2010;53(4):868–70. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.72018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Valenzuela-Ramos MC, Mendizabal-Mendez AL, Rios-Contreras CA, Rodriguez-Montes CE. Pediatric gastric teratoma. J Radiol Case Rep. 2010;4(10):6–13. doi:10.3941/jrcr.v4i10.491.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Yoon SE, Goo HW, Jun S, Lee IC, Yoon CH. Immature gastric teratoma in an infant: a case report. Korean J Radiol. 2000;1(4):226–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Greco P, Cutrona D, Russo A, Grasso G. A case of gastric teratoma. J Pathol. 1979;129(3):121–3. doi:10.1002/path.1711290303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Kobayashi A, Hasebe T, Endo Y, Sasaki S, Konishi M, Sugito M, et al. Primary gastric choriocarcinoma: two case reports and a pooled analysis of 53 cases. Gastric Cancer. 2005;8(3):178–85. doi:10.1007/s10120-005-0332-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Satake N, Chikakiyo M, Yagi T, Suzuki Y, Hirose T. Gastric cancer with choriocarcinoma and yolk sac tumor components: case report. Pathol Int. 2011;61(3):156–60. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1827.2010.02635.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Tate G, Suzuki T, Nemoto H, Kishimoto K, Hibi K, Mitsuya T. Allelic loss of the PTEN gene and mutation of the TP53 gene in choriocarcinoma arising from gastric adenocarcinoma: analysis of loss of heterozygosity in two male patients with extragonadal choriocarcinoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2009;193(2):104–8. doi:10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2009.04.005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Liu Z, Mira JL, Cruz-Caudillo JC. Primary gastric choriocarcinoma: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001;125(12):1601–4. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2001)125<1601:PGC>2.0.CO;2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Motoyama T, Aizawa K, Fujiwara T, Endoh Y, Watanabe H. Coexistence of choriocarcinoma and hepatoid adenocarcinoma in the stomach. Pathol Int. 1994;44(9):716–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Hirano Y, Hara T, Nozawa H, Oyama K, Ohta N, Omura K, et al. Combined choriocarcinoma, neuroendocrine cell carcinoma and tubular adenocarcinoma in the stomach. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(20):3269–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  111. Imai Y, Kawabe T, Takahashi M, Matsumura M, Komatsu Y, Hamada E, et al. A case of primary gastric choriocarcinoma and a review of the Japanese literature. J Gastroenterol. 1994;29(5):642–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Mori H, Soeda O, Kamano T, Tsunekawa K, Ueda N, Yoshida A, et al. Choriocarcinomatous change with immunocytochemically HCG-positive cells in the gastric carcinoma of the males. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol. 1982;396(2):141–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Bourreille J, Metayer P, Sauger F, Matray F, Fondimare A. Existence d’alpha foeto proteine au cours d’un cancer secondaire du foie d’origine gastrique. Presse Med. 1970;78(28):1277–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Osada M, Aishima S, Hirahashi M, Takizawa N, Takahashi S, Nakamura K, et al. Combination of hepatocellular markers is useful for prognostication in gastric hepatoid adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2014;45(6):1243–50. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2014.02.003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Ushiku T, Shinozaki A, Shibahara J, Iwasaki Y, Tateishi Y, Funata N, et al. SALL4 represents fetal gut differentiation of gastric cancer, and is diagnostically useful in distinguishing hepatoid gastric carcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34(4):533–40. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181d1dcdd.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Nogales FF, Quinonez E, Lopez-Marin L, Dulcey I, Preda O. A diagnostic immunohistochemical panel for yolk sac (primitive endodermal) tumours based on an immunohistochemical comparison with the human yolk sac. Histopathology. 2014;65(1):51–9. doi:10.1111/his.12373.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Fujii Y, Yoshihashi K, Suzuki H, Tsutsumi S, Mutoh H, Maeda S, et al. CDX1 confers intestinal phenotype on gastric epithelial cells via induction of stemness-associated reprogramming factors SALL4 and KLF5. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(50):20584–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.1208651109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Kinjo T, Taniguchi H, Kushima R, Sekine S, Oda I, Saka M, et al. Histologic and immunohistochemical analyses of alpha-fetoprotein--producing cancer of the stomach. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36(1):56–65. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31823aafec.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Tanigawa H, Kida Y, Kuwao S, Uesugi H, Ojima T, Kobayashi N, et al. Hepatoid adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus associated with achalasia: first case report. Pathol Int. 2002;52(2):141–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Ye MF, Tao F, Liu F, Sun AJ. Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach: a report of three cases. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(27):4437–42. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i27.4437.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  121. Liu X, Cheng Y, Sheng W, Lu H, Xu X, Xu Y, et al. Analysis of clinicopathologic features and prognostic factors in hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34(10):1465–71. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181f0a873.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Yang J, Wang R, Zhang W, Zhuang W, Wang M, Tang C. Clinicopathological and prognostic characteristics of hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2014;2014:140587. doi:10.1155/2014/140587.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Liu TC, Vachharajani N, Chapman WC, Brunt EM. SALL4 immunoreactivity predicts prognosis in Western hepatocellular carcinoma patients but is a rare event: a study of 236 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2014;38(7):966–72. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Bihari C, Rastogi A, Chandan KN, Yadav V, Panda D. Gastric adenocarcinoma with yolk sac tumor differentiation and liver metastasis of yolk sac tumor component. Case Rep Oncol Med. 2013;2013:923596. doi:10.1155/2013/923596.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  125. Napaki S. Combined yolk sac tumour and adenocarcinoma of the oesophago-gastric junction. Pathology. 2004;36(6):589–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Puglisi F, Damante G, Pizzolitto S, Mariuzzi L, Guerra S, Pellizzari L, et al. Combined yolk sac tumor and adenocarcinoma in a gastric stump: molecular evidence of clonality. Cancer. 1999;85(9):1910–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Suzuki T, Kimura N, Shizawa S, Yabuki N, Yamaki T, Sasano H, et al. Yolk sac tumor of the stomach with an adenocarcinomatous component: a case report with immunohistochemical analysis. Pathol Int. 1999;49(6):557–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Lack EE, Travis WD, Welch KJ. Retroperitoneal germ cell tumors in childhood. A clinical and pathologic study of 11 cases. Cancer. 1985;56(3):602–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Murat E, Dagdemir A, Bilgici MC, Sullu Y. Primary yolk sac tumor of the retroperitoneal region. Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 2013;17(6):530–2. doi:10.5114/wo.2013.38916.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Moss JF, Slayton RE, Economou SG. Primary retroperitoneal pure choriocarcinoma. Two long-term complete responders from a rare fatal disease. Cancer. 1988;62(6):1053–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Sung MT, MacLennan GT, Cheng L. Retroperitoneal seminoma in limited biopsies: morphologic criteria and immunohistochemical findings in 30 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30(6):766–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Wegenke JD, Chuprevich TW, Nilsson TE. Retroperitoneal seminoma. J Urol. 1977;117(2):262–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Daftary M, Barnett RN. Malignant teratoma of the spleen. Yale J Biol Med. 1971;43(4–5):283–7.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  134. Ghinescu C, Sallami Z, Jackson D. Choriocarcinoma of the spleen--a rare cause of atraumatic rupture. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2008;90(3):W12–4. doi:10.1308/147870808X257229.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  135. Imperial SL, Sidhu JS. Nonseminomatous germ cell tumor arising in splenogonadal fusion. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;126(10):1222–5. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<1222:NGCTAI>2.0.CO;2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Kersting S, Janot MS, Munding J, Suelberg D, Tannapfel A, Chromik AM, et al. Rare solid tumors of the pancreas as differential diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. JOP. 2012;13(3):268–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Lane J, Vance A, Finelli D, Williams G, Ravichandran P. Dermoid cyst of the pancreas: a case report with literature review. J Radiol Case Rep. 2012;6(12):17–25. doi:10.3941/jrcr.v6i12.1152.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  138. Scheele J, Barth TF, Wittau M, Juchems M, Henne-Bruns D, Kornmann M. Cystic teratoma of the pancreas. Anticancer Res. 2012;32(3):1075–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Wang J, Zheng Z, Qiu Y, Tou J, Liu W, Xiong Q, et al. Primary mixed germ cell tumor arising in the pancreatic head. J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48(1):e21–4. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.10.054.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Yoon WJ, Lee JK, Lee KH, Ryu JK, Kim YT, Yoon YB. Cystic neoplasms of the exocrine pancreas: an update of a nationwide survey in Korea. Pancreas. 2008;37(3):254–8. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181676ba4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Tucci G, Muzi MG, Nigro C, Cadeddu F, Amabile D, Servadei F, et al. Dermoid cyst of the pancreas: presentation and management. World J Surg Oncol. 2007;5:85. doi:10.1186/1477-7819-5-85.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  142. Kela M, Singh S, Lahoti B. Immature cystic teratoma of head of pancreas. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg. 2008;13(2):85–7. doi:10.4103/0971-9261.43037.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  143. Kohzaki S, Fukuda T, Fujimoto T, Hirao K, Matsunaga N, Hayashi K, et al. Case report: ciliated foregut cyst of the pancreas mimicking teratomatous tumour. Br J Radiol. 1994;67(798):601–4. doi:10.1259/0007-1285-67-798-601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Childs CC, Korsten MA, Choi HS, Schwarz R, Fisse RD. Pancreatic choriocarcinoma presenting as inflammatory pseudocyst. Gastroenterology. 1985;89(2):426–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Ramachandran BS, Murugesan M, Ali M, Padmanabhan P. Primary pancreatic choriocarcinoma presenting as pancreatitis. JOP. 2012;13(2):217–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Rao M, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Huang Z, Zhang L. Primary pancreatic choriocarcinoma revealed on FDG PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2015;40(1):76–8. doi:10.1097/RLU.0000000000000584.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Zhang B, Gao S, Chen Y, Wu Y. Primary yolk sac tumor arising in the pancreas with hepatic metastasis: a case report. Korean J Radiol. 2010;11(4):472–5. doi:10.3348/kjr.2010.11.4.472.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  148. Stoos-Veic T, Tadic M. Endoscopic ultrasound and fine needle aspiration for the diagnosis of extragonadal seminoma metastatic to the pancreas. Endoscopy. 2014;46(Suppl 1):UCTN:E522. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1377596.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Certo M, Franca M, Gomes M, Machado R. Liver teratoma. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2008;71(2):275–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Fried I, Rom-Gross E, Finegold M, Simanovsky N, Revel-Vilk S, Ben-Neriah Z, et al. Concomitant massive hepatic teratoma, hypofibrinogenemia, and adrenal neuroblastoma in an infant: case report. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2015; doi:10.2350/13-08-1361-CR.1.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Ayyappan AP, Singh SE, Shah A. Mature cystic teratoma in the falciform ligament of the liver. J Postgrad Med. 2007;53(1):48–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Rahmat K, Vijayananthan A, Abdullah B, Amin S. Benign teratoma of the liver: a rare cause of cholangitis. Biomed Imaging Interv J. 2006;2(3):e20. doi:10.2349/biij.2.3.e20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. Nirmala V, Chopra P, Machado NO. An unusual adult hepatic teratoma. Histopathology. 2003;43(3):306–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. McKenney JK, Heerema-McKenney A, Rouse RV. Extragonadal germ cell tumors: a review with emphasis on pathologic features, clinical prognostic variables, and differential diagnostic considerations. Adv Anat Pathol. 2007;14(2):69–92. doi:10.1097/PAP.0b013e31803240e6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Saxena R. Practical hepatic pathology. A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition Series. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Conrad RJ, Gribbin D, Walker NI, Ong TH. Combined cystic teratoma and hepatoblastoma of the liver. Probable divergent differentiation of an uncommitted hepatic precursor cell. Cancer. 1993;72(10):2910–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Moll A, Krenauer A, Bierbach U, Till H, Hirsch W, Leuschner I, et al. Mixed hepatoblastoma and teratoma of the liver in a 3-year-old child: a unique combination and clinical challenge. Diagn Pathol. 2009;4:37. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-4-37.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  158. Gnemmi V, Leteurtre E, Sudour-Bonnange H, Devisme L, Guettier C, Buob D, et al. SALL4 is a marker of the embryonal subtype of hepatoblastoma. Histopathology. 2013;63(3):425–8. doi:10.1111/his.12187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Kim SN, Chi JG, Kim YW, Dong ES, Shin HY, Ahn HS, et al. Neonatal choriocarcinoma of liver. Pediatr Pathol. 1993;13(6):723–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Sekine R, Hyodo M, Kojima M, Meguro Y, Suzuki A, Yokoyama T, et al. Primary hepatic choriocarcinoma in a 49-year-old man: report of a case. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(48):9485–9. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i48.9485.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  161. Baagar K, Khan FY, Alkuwari E. Choriocarcinoma syndrome: a case report and a literature review. Case Rep Oncol Med. 2013;2013:697251. doi:10.1155/2013/697251.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  162. Bakhshi GD, Borisa AD, Bhandarwar AH, Tayade MB, Yadav RB, Jadhav YR. Primary hepatic choriocarcinoma: a rare cause of spontaneous haemoperitoneum in an adult. Clin Pract. 2012;2(3):e73. doi:10.4081/cp.2012.e73.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  163. Xu AM, Gong SJ, Song WH, Li XW, Pan CH, Zhu JJ, et al. Primary mixed germ cell tumor of the liver with sarcomatous components. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(5):652–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  164. Warren M, Thompson KS. Two cases of primary yolk sac tumor of the liver in childhood: case reports and literature review. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2009;12(5):410–6. doi:10.2350/08-09-0521.1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Gonzalez-Roibon N, Katz B, Chaux A, Sharma R, Munari E, Faraj SF, et al. Immunohistochemical expression of SALL4 in hepatocellular carcinoma, a potential pitfall in the differential diagnosis of yolk sac tumors. Hum Pathol. 2013;44(7):1293–9. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2012.10.017.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Lam KY, Lo CY. Adrenal lipomatous tumours: a 30 year clinicopathological experience at a single institution. J Clin Pathol. 2001;54(9):707–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. Lam KY, Lo CY. Teratoma in the region of adrenal gland: a unique entity masquerading as lipomatous adrenal tumor. Surgery. 1999;126(1):90–4. doi:10.1067/msy.1999.98924.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Zhao J, Sun F, Jing X, Zhou W, Huang X, Wang H, et al. The diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal lipomatous tumours in Chinese patients: a 31-year follow-up study. Can Urol Assoc J. 2014;8(3–4):E132–6. doi:10.5489/cuaj.977.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  169. Li Y, Zhong Z, Zhao X. Primary mature teratoma presenting as an adrenal tumor in a child. Urology. 2011;78(3):689–91. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2010.12.022.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Yao W, Li K, Xiao X, Zheng S, Chen L. Neonatal suprarenal mass: differential diagnosis and treatment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2013;139(2):281–6. doi:10.1007/s00432-012-1316-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Ciftci I, Cihan T, Koksal Y, Ugras S, Erol C. Giant mature adrenal cystic teratoma in an infant. Acta Inform Med. 2013;21(2):140–1. doi:10.5455/aim.2013.21.140-141.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  172. Armah HB, Parwani AV. Primary carcinoid tumor arising within mature teratoma of the kidney: report of a rare entity and review of the literature. Diagn Pathol. 2007;2:15. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-2-15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  173. Armah HB, Parwani AV, Perepletchikov AM. Synchronous primary carcinoid tumor and primary adenocarcinoma arising within mature cystic teratoma of horseshoe kidney: a unique case report and review of the literature. Diagn Pathol. 2009;4:17. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-4-17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  174. Idrissi-Serhrouchni K, El-Fatemi H, El madi A, Benhayoun K, Chbani L, Harmouch T, et al. Primary renal teratoma: a rare entity. Diagn Pathol. 2013;8:107. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-8-107.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  175. Jacob S, Ghosh D, Rawat P, Bhatti W, Singh VP. Primary intra-renal teratoma associated with renal dysplasia: an unusual entity. Indian J Surg. 2013;75(Suppl 1):77–9. doi:10.1007/s12262-011-0356-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Kuroda N, Katto K, Tamura M, Shiotsu T, Hes O, Michal M, et al. Carcinoid tumor of the renal pelvis: consideration on the histogenesis. Pathol Int. 2008;58(1):51–4. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1827.2007.02188.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Liu YC, Wang JS, Chen CJ, Sung PK, Tseng HH. Intrarenal mixed germ cell tumor. J Urol. 2000;164(6):2020–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Mochizuki K, Ohno Y, Tokai Y, Kanematsu T, Okada M, Kamitamari A, et al. Congenital intrarenal teratoma arising from a horseshoe kidney. J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41(7):1313–5. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.03.019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Okani CO, Aramide KO, Edegbe FO, Ogun GO, Okolo CA, Salako BL, et al. Intrarenal teratoma: report of two cases seen in a 31-year retrospective study at the University College Hospital. Ibadan Niger J Med. 2014;23(3):271–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Otani M, Tsujimoto S, Miura M, Nagashima Y. Intrarenal mature cystic teratoma associated with renal dysplasia: case report and literature review. Pathol Int. 2001;51(7):560–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Sun K, You Q, Zhao M, Yao H, Xiang H, Wang L. Concurrent primary carcinoid tumor arising within mature teratoma and clear cell renal cell carcinoma in the horseshoe kidney: report of a rare case and review of the literature. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2013;6(11):2578–84.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  182. Yavuz A, Ceken K, Alimoglu E, Akkaya B. Mature cystic renal teratoma. Iran J Radiol. 2014;11(1):e11260. doi:10.5812/iranjradiol.11260.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  183. Rouzbahman M, Clarke B. Neuroendocrine tumors of the gynecologic tract: select topics. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2013;30(3):224–33. doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2013.06.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Sultan I, Ajlouni F, Al-Jumaily U, Al-Ashhab M, Hashem H, Ghandour K, et al. Distinct features of teratoid Wilms tumor. J Pediatr Surg. 2010;45(10):e13–9. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.06.035.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Kheradmand A. Choriocarcinoma presenting as bilateral renal tumor: a case report. Urol J. 2005;2(1):52–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Usta TA, Karacan T, Ozyurek E, Naki MM, Omeroglu SN, Demirkiran F. Primary renal artery choriocarcinoma causing secondary renovascular hypertension. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2014;5(12):1197–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2014.11.056.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  187. Preda O, Dema A, Iacob M, Goyenaga P, Dulcey I, Aneiros Fernandez J, et al. Urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis with simultaneous trophoblastic and malignant clear cell endodermal-type differentiation. Virchows Arch. 2012;460(3):353–6. doi:10.1007/s00428-012-1211-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Zettl A, Konrad MA, Polzin S, Ehsan A, Riedmiller H, Muller-Hermelink HK, et al. Urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis with choriocarcinomatous features: genetic evidence of clonal evolution. Hum Pathol. 2002;33(12):1234–7. doi:10.1053/hupa.2002.129208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Kumar Y, Bhatia A, Kumar V, Vaiphei K. Intrarenal pure yolk sac tumor: an extremely rare entity. Int J Surg Pathol. 2007;15(2):204–6. doi:10.1177/1066896906295776.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Lin S, Li X, Sun C, Feng S, Peng Z, Huang S, et al. CT findings of intrarenal yolk sac tumor with tumor thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava: a case report. Korean J Radiol. 2014;15(5):641–5. doi:10.3348/kjr.2014.15.5.641.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  191. Cohen R, Mirrer B, Loarte P, Navarro V. Intrapericardial mature cystic teratoma in an adult: case presentation. Clin Cardiol. 2013;36(1):6–9. doi:10.1002/clc.22051.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Milovanovic V, Lukac M, Krstic Z. Intrapericardial immature teratoma in a newborn: a case report. Cardiol Young. 2014;24(1):164–6. doi:10.1017/S1047951113000097.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Chiba T, Iwami D, Kikuchi Y. Mesenteric teratoma in an 8-month-old girl. J Pediatr Surg. 1995;30(1):120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Jones MA, Clement PB, Young RH. Primary yolk sac tumors of the mesentery. A report of two cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;101(1):42–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Tangour-Bouaicha M, Bel Haj Salah M, Ben Brahim E, Ben Othmene M, Douggaz A, Sassi S, et al. Primary peritoneal yolk sac tumour. A case report. Ann Pathol. 2010;30(5):378–81. doi:10.1016/j.annpat.2010.07.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Hegde P. Extragonadal omental teratoma: a case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2014;40(2):618–21. doi:10.1111/jog.12198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Khoo CK, Chua I, Siow A, Chern B. Parasitic dermoid cyst of the pouch of Douglas: a case report. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2008;15(6):761–3. doi:10.1016/j.jmig.2008.07.014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Lee HM, Song SY, Park JO, Kim BH. Primary immature teratoma of the prostate with angiosarcoma component: its unusual response to chemotherapy. Int J Urol. 2006;13(3):305–7. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2006.01286.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Paner GP, Aron M, Hansel DE, Amin MB. Non-epithelial neoplasms of the prostate. Histopathology. 2012;60(1):166–86. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04020.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Hashimoto T, Ohori M, Sakamoto N, Matsubayashi J, Izumi M, Tachibana M. Primary seminoma of the prostate. Int J Urol. 2009;16(12):967–70. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2009.02403.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Adachi Y, Rokujyo M, Kojima H, Nagashima K. Primary seminoma of the seminal vesicle: report of a case. J Urol. 1991;146(3):857–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Fairey AE, Mead GM, Murphy D, Theaker J. Primary seminal vesicle choriocarcinoma. Br J Urol. 1993;71(6):756–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Yao XD, Hong YP, Ye DW, Wang CF. Primary yolk sac tumor of seminal vesicle: a case report and literature review. World J Surg Oncol. 2012;10:189. doi:10.1186/1477-7819-10-189.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  204. Jain SK, Kaza RC, Vindal A, Bains L. Vesical dermoid: an unusual presentation. Int J Urol. 2010;17(9):824–5. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2010.02596.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Sabnis RB, Bradoo AM, Desai RM, Bhatt RM, Randive NU. Primary benign vesical teratoma. A case report. Arch Esp Urol. 1993;46(5):444–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Dennis PM, Turner AG. Primary choriocarcinoma of the bladder evolving from a transitional cell carcinoma. J Clin Pathol. 1984;37(5):503–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  207. Sievert K, Weber EA, Herwig R, Schmid H, Roos S, Eickenberg HU. Pure primary choriocarcinoma of the urinary bladder with long-term survival. Urology. 2000;56(5):856.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Hanna NH, Ulbright TM, Einhorn LH. Primary choriocarcinoma of the bladder with the detection of isochromosome 12p. J Urol. 2002;167(4):1781.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Hurst CD, Platt FM, Taylor CF, Knowles MA. Novel tumor subgroups of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder defined by integrated genomic analysis. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(21):5865–77. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-1807.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  210. Taylor G, Jordan M, Churchill B, Mancer K. Yolk sac tumor of the bladder. J Urol. 1983;129(3):591–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Mui WH, Lee KC, Chiu SC, Pang CY, Chu SK, Man CW, et al. Primary yolk sac tumour of the urinary bladder: a case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett. 2014;7(1):199–202. doi:10.3892/ol.2013.1670.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. El-Bahrawy M. Alpha-fetoprotein-producing non-germ cell tumors of the urological system. Rev Urol. 2011;13(1):14–9.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  213. D’Alessio A, Verdelli G, Bernardi M, DePascale S, Chiarenza SF, Giardina C, et al. Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor of the urachus. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 1994;4(3):180–1. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1066097.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Huang HY, Ko SF, Chuang JH, Jeng YM, Sung MT, Chen WJ. Primary yolk sac tumor of the urachus. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;126(9):1106–9. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2002)126<1106:PYSTOT>2.0.CO;2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Romero-Rojas AE, Messa-Botero OA, Melo-Uribe MA, Diaz-Perez JA, Chinchilla-Olaya SI. Primary yolk sac tumor of the urachus. Int J Surg Pathol. 2011;19(5):658–61. doi:10.1177/1066896909356923.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Kingo PS, Hoyer S, Marinovskij E, Rawashdeh YF. Paediatric urachal benign teratoma: a case report and review of the literature. APMIS. 2014;122(9):761–5. doi:10.1111/apm.12216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Dulcey I, Cespedes MU, Ballesteros JL, Preda O, Aneiros-Fernandez J, Clavero PA, et al. Necrotic mature ovarian teratoma associated with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Pathol Res Pract. 2012;208(8):497–500. doi:10.1016/j.prp.2012.05.018.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Thomas A, Rauschkolb P, Gresa-Arribas N, Schned A, Dalmau JO, Fadul CE. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a patient with refractory illness after 25 months of intensive immunotherapy. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70(12):1566–8. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.3205.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  219. Terada T. Histopathologic study of the rectum in 1,438 consecutive rectal specimens in a single Japanese hospital: I. benign lesions. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2013;6(3):349–57.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  220. Cotton MH, Blake JR. Dermoid cyst: a rare tumour of the appendix. Gut. 1986;27(3):334–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  221. Demircan M, Uguralp S, Mutus M, Kutlu R, Mizrak B. Teratoma arising from anomalous common bile ducts: a case report. J Pediatr Surg. 2004;39(4):e1–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  222. Naim M. Immature embryoid teratoma of the gall bladder: case of a primary primitive neoplasm. BMJ Case Rep. 2009; doi:10.1136/bcr.01.2009.1455.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  223. Torikai M, Tahara H, Kaji T, Shimono R, Yano T, Yoshioka T, et al. Immature teratoma of gallbladder associated with gliomatosis peritonei, a case report. J Pediatr Surg. 2007;42(10):E25–7. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2007.08.001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Koh JS, Park JH, Kang CH. A primary extragonadal teratoma of the proximal humerus. J Korean Med Sci. 2009;24(5):989–91. doi:10.3346/jkms.2009.24.5.989.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  225. Joshi P, Parelkar S, Shetty S, Sanghvi B, Mundada D, Kapadnis S, et al. Mature duodenal teratoma in a neonate with exomphalos minor with intestinal obstruction: first case report. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2014;24(2):187–9. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1330848.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Zalatnai A, Dubecz S, Harka I, Banhidy Jr F. Malignant teratoma of the left colon associated with chronic ulcerative colitis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1987;411(1):61–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Wilkinson N, Cairns A, Benbow EW, Donnai P, Buckley CH. Dermoid cyst of the caecum. Histopathology. 1996;29(2):186–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Barker GM, Choudhury SR, Nicholls G, Whittle MR, Raafat F, Mitra SK. Fetiform teratoma arising from a tubular intestinal duplication. A probable cause of ruptured exomphalos. Pediatr Surg Int. 1997;12(2–3):204–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  229. Hu J, Nagao K, Tai T, Ozaki Y, Kobayashi H, Iuchi A, et al. Congenital primary penile teratoma in a child. Urology. 2014;83(6):1404–6. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2014.01.044.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Camacho F. Benign cutaneous cystic teratoma. J Cutan Pathol. 1982;9(5):345–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Tsai TF, Chuan MT, Hsiao CH. A cystic teratoma of the skin. Histopathology. 1996;29(4):384–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Zhu Y, Liu M, Li J, Jing F, Linghu R, Guo X, et al. Breast carcinoma with choriocarcinomatous features: a case report and review of the literature. World J Surg Oncol. 2014;12:239. doi:10.1186/1477-7819-12-239.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  233. Northcutt AD, Tschen JA. Choriocarcinoma-like squamous cell carcinoma: a new variant expressing human chorionic gonadotropin. Am J Dermatopathol. 2015;37(2):171–4. doi:10.1097/DAD.0000000000000042.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Albores-Saavedra J, Cruz-Ortiz H, Alcantara-Vazques A, Henson DE. Unusual types of gallbladder carcinoma. A report of 16 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1981;105(6):287–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Iyomasa S, Senda Y, Mizuno K, Miyake H, Amemiya T, Yamaguchi J, et al. Primary choriocarcinoma of the jejunum: report of a case. Surg Today. 2003;33(12):948–51. doi:10.1007/s00595-003-2626-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Jiang L, Wu JT, Peng X. Primary choriocarcinoma of the colon: a case report and review of the literature. World J Surg Oncol. 2013;11:23. doi:10.1186/1477-7819-11-23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  237. Verbeek W, Schulten HJ, Sperling M, Tiesmeier J, Stoop H, Dinjens W, et al. Rectal adenocarcinoma with choriocarcinomatous differentiation: clinical and genetic aspects. Hum Pathol. 2004;35(11):1427–30. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2004.06.005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Munghate GS, Agarwala S, Bhatnagar V. Primary yolk sac tumor of the common bile duct. J Pediatr Surg. 2011;46(6):1271–3. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.02.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Nakazawa R, Soneda S, Kinoshita A, Kitagawa H, Koike J, Chikaraishi T. A case report: primary extragonadal yolk sac tumor of penile shaft in a 2-year-old child. Int J Urol. 2009;16(4):413–5. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2009.02264.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara Cáceres, 10003, Cáceres, Spain

    Alejandro Rubio-Fernández MD

  2. Department of Pathology, University of Granada Medical School, 18012, Granada, Spain

    Juan Antonio Retamero MD, MRCPsych & Francisco F. Nogales MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Alejandro Rubio-Fernández MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Juan Antonio Retamero MD, MRCPsych
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Francisco F. Nogales MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francisco F. Nogales MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Universidad de Granada Facultad de Medicina, Granada, Spain

    Francisco F. Nogales

  2. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

    Rafael E. Jimenez

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rubio-Fernández, A., Retamero, J.A., Nogales, F.F. (2017). Germ Cell Tumors of Miscellaneous Extragonadal Sites. In: Nogales, F., Jimenez, R. (eds) Pathology and Biology of Human Germ Cell Tumors. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53775-6_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53775-6_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-53773-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-53775-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation