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Application of Solid-Phase Microextraction Combined with Derivatization for Polar Compound Sampling in Environmental Analysis

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Solid Phase Microextraction

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Abstract

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a solvent-free sample preparation technique using a fused-silica fiber coated with an appropriate stationary phase. Derivatization is often necessary to determine substances with poor chromatographic behavior, high reactivity, and/or volatility or thermal instability. SPME derivatization technique can be operated under different combined modes and may be influenced by factors such as sample matrix, SPME, derivatization, and desorption condition. Combined with derivatization, HS-SPME, DI-SPME, membrane-protected SPME, and in-tube SPME have been applied to the analysis of a vast amount of chemicals, i.e., aldehydes and acetone, amines, organic acids, phenolic compounds, pesticide, metal and organic metal species, and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in a wide range of environmental matrices, including air, water, soil, and sediment samples. This chapter reviews the mode and method development of the derivatization technique, the derivatization reagents, and reaction mechanism, as well as its applications in environmental analysis.

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Abbreviations

AMS:

Ambient mass spectrometry

APCI:

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

BSTFA:

Bis-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide

CW-DVB:

Carbowax-divinylbenzene

CW-TR:

Carbowax-templated resin

DI:

Direct-immersion sampling

DMS:

Dimethylsulfate

DNFB:

2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene

DSTEB:

Deuterium-labeled sodium tetraethylborate NaB(C2D5)

FMOC:

9-Fluorenylmethyl chloroformate

GC–ECD:

Gas chromatography coupled to electron capture detection

GC-EI-MS:

Electron impact-mass spectrometry

GC-ICP-MS:

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

GC-AED:

Gas chromatographic separation and atomic emission detection

GC-QqQ MS:

Gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

HS:

Headspace sampling

HTFA:

1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,4-pentadione (trifluoroacetylacetone)

IT:

In tube

LLME:

Liquid–liquid microextraction

MSTFA:

n-Methyl-n-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide

MTBSTFA/TBDMCS:

n-Tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl-n-methyltrifluoroacetamide) with 1% tert-butyl-dimethylchlorosilane

MTBSTFA:

n-Methyl-n-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide

NaBEt4:

Sodium tetraethylbroate

NaBH4:

Sodium tetrahydroborate

NaBPh4:

Sodium tetraphenylborate

NaBPr4:

Sodium tetrapropylborate

NBD-F:

4-Fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole

NEM:

n-Ethylmaleimide

OPA-NAC:

o-Phthalaldialdehyde and n-acethyl-L-cysteine

PA:

Polyacrylate

PDAM:

Pyrenyldiazomethane

PDMS/CAR:

Polydimethylsiloxane/carboxen

PFBAY:

Pentafluorobenzyl aldehyde

PFBBr:

Pentafluorobenzyl bromide

PFBHA:

1,2,3,4,5-Pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine

PFBHA:

Pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine

PFPDE:

Pentafluorophenyldiazoethane

PFPH:

Pentafluorophenylhydrazine

Portable GC-μFID:

Portable GC-microflame ionization detection

PPy/PTh:

Polypyrrole and polythiophene

PPCPs:

Pharmaceutical and personal care products

RP-HPLC-FL:

Reversed-phase HPLC–fluorescence

SIBA:

N-succinimidyl benzoate

SPME:

Solid-phase microextraction

TFBza-suc:

Tetrafluorobenzoic acid n-hydroxysuccinimide ester

TFEH:

2,2,2-Trifluoroethylhydrazine

THC:

Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol

THCCOOH:

11-Nor-9-carboxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol

TMAHS:

Tetramethylamonium hydrogen sulfate

TMAOH:

Tetramethylammonium hydroxide

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  1. MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China

    Lihua Yang & Tiangang Luan

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    Gangfeng Ouyang

  2. School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China

    Ruifen Jiang

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Yang, L., Luan, T. (2017). Application of Solid-Phase Microextraction Combined with Derivatization for Polar Compound Sampling in Environmental Analysis. In: Ouyang, G., Jiang, R. (eds) Solid Phase Microextraction. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53598-1_7

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