Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Iontophoresis: Basic Principles

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Physical Methods in Penetration Enhancement

Abstract

This chapter provides an introduction to iontophoresis, a noninvasive technique that enables the transport of ions into or through biological tissues. The electrotransport mechanisms, the parameters affecting electrically assisted drug delivery, and practical applications of the technique are discussed in the following chapters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abla N, Naik A, Guy RH, Kalia YN (2006) Topical iontophoresis of valaciclovir hydrochloride improves cutaneous aciclovir delivery. Pharm Res 23:1842–1849

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banga AK, Chien YW (1988) Iontophoretic delivery of drugs: fundamentals, developments and biomedical applications. J Control Release 7:1–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campisi G, Giannola LI, Florena AM, De Caro V, Schumacher A, Gottsche T et al (2010) Bioavailability in vivo of naltrexone following transbuccal administration by an electronically-controlled intraoral device: a trial on pigs. J Control Release 145:214–220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cazares-Delgadillo J, Naik A, Ganem-Rondero A, Quintanar-Guerrero D, Kalia YN (2007) Transdermal delivery of cytochrome C-A 12.4 kDa protein across intact skin by constant-current iontophoresis. Pharm Res 24:1360–1368

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cazares-Delgadillo J, Ganem-Rondero A, Quintanar-Guerrero D, Lopez-Castellano AC, Merino V, Kalia YN (2010a) Using transdermal iontophoresis to increase granisetron delivery across skin in vitro and in vivo: effect of experimental conditions and a comparison with other enhancement strategies. Eur J Pharm Sci 39:387–393a

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cazares-Delgadillo J, Balaguer-Fernandez C, Calatayud-Pascual A, Ganem-Rondero A, Quintanar-Guerrero D, Lopez-Castellano AC et al (2010b) Transdermal iontophoresis of dexamethasone sodium phosphate in vitro and in vivo: effect of experimental parameters and skin type on drug stability and transport kinetics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 75:173–178b

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cazares-Delgadillo J, Ben Aziza I, Balaguer-Fernandez C, Calatayud-Pascual A, Ganem-Rondero A, Quintanar-Guerrero D et al (2010c) Comparing metoclopramide electrotransport kinetics in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharm Sci 41:353–359c

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chopra P, Hao JS, Li SK (2010) Iontophoretic transport of charged macromolecules across human sclera. Int J Pharm 388:107–113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado-Charro MB (2012) Iontophoretic drug delivery across the nail. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 9:91–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Djabri A, Guy RH, Delgado-Charro MB (2012) Transdermal iontophoresis of ranitidine: an opportunity in paediatric drug therapy. Int J Pharm 435:27–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubey S, Kalia YN (2010) Non-invasive iontophoretic delivery of enzymatically active ribonuclease A (13.6 kDa) across intact porcine and human skins. J Control Release 145:203–209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubey S, Perozzo R, Scapozza L, Kalia YN (2011) Noninvasive transdermal iontophoretic delivery of biologically active human basic fibroblast growth factor. Mol Pharm 8:1322–1331a

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubey S, Kalia YN (2011) Electrically-assisted delivery of an anionic protein across intact skin: cathodal iontophoresis of biologically active ribonuclease T1. J Control Release 152:356–362b

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gratieri T, Wagner B, Kalaria D, Ernst B, Kalia YN (2012) Cutaneous iontophoretic delivery of CGP69669A, a sialyl Lewisx mimetic, in vitro. Exp Dermatol 21:126–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guy RH, Kalia YN, Delgado-Charro MB, Merino V, Lopez A, Marro D (2000) Iontophoresis: electrorepulsion and electroosmosis. J Control Release 64:129–132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helmstadter A (2001) The history of electrically-assisted transdermal drug delivery (“iontophoresis”). Pharmazie 56:583–587

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalia YN, Naik A, Garrison J, Guy RH (2004) Iontophoretic drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56:619–658

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ledger PW (1992) Skin biological issues in electrically enhanced transdermal delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 9:289–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner EN, Van Zanten EH, Stewart GR (2004) Enhanced delivery of octreotide to the brain via transnasal iontophoretic administration. J Drug Target 12:273–280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marra F, Levy JL, Santi P, Kalia YN (2008) In vitro evaluation of the effect of electrotreatment on skin permeability. J Cosmet Dermatol 7:105–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nair AB, Kim HD, Chakraborty B, Singh J, Zaman M, Gupta A et al (2009) Ungual and trans-ungual iontophoretic delivery of terbinafine for the treatment of onychomycosis. J Pharm Sci 98:4130–4140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson TM, Ferguson E, Febbraro S, Bakhtyari A, King M, Mundasad M (2003) Tolerance of ocular iontophoresis in healthy volunteers. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 19:145–151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel SR, Zhong H, Sharma A, Kalia YN (2009) Controlled non-invasive transdermal iontophoretic delivery of zolmitriptan hydrochloride in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 72:304–309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pescina S, Ferrari G, Govoni P, Macaluso C, Padula C, Santi P, Nicoli S (2010) In-vitro permeation of bevacizumab through human sclera: effect of iontophoresis application. J Pharm Pharmacol 62:1189–1194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pikal MJ (1990) Transport Mechanisms in Iontophoresis. 1. A theoretical-model for the effect of electroosmotic flow on flux enhancement in transdermal iontophoresis. Pharm Res 7:118–126a

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pikal MJ, Shah S (1990a) Transport mechanisms in iontophoresis. 2. Electroosmotic flow and transference number measurements for hairless mouse skin. Pharm Res 7:213–221b

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pikal MJ, Shah S (1990b) Transport mechanisms in iontophoresis. 3. An experimental-study of the contributions of electroosmotic flow and permeability change in transport of low and high-molecular-weight solutes. Pharm Res 7:222–229c

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pikal MJ (1992) The role of electroosmotic flow in transdermal iontophoresis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 9:201–237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taveira SF, Nomizo A, Lopez RF (2009) Effect of the iontophoresis of a chitosan gel on doxorubicin skin penetration and cytotoxicity. J Control Release 134:35–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaka SR, Sammeta SM, Day LB, Murthy SN (2008) Transcorneal iontophoresis for delivery of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride. Curr Eye Res 33:661–667

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Grice JE, Wang GJ, Roberts MS (2009) Cutaneous metabolism in transdermal drug delivery current drug metabolism. Curr Drug Metab 10:227–235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil

    Taís Gratieri

  2. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva & University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland

    Yogeshvar N. Kalia

Authors
  1. Taís Gratieri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yogeshvar N. Kalia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yogeshvar N. Kalia .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Apoteka “Beograd”, Belgrade, Serbia

    Nina Dragicevic

  2. San Francisco, California, USA

    Howard I. Maibach

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gratieri, T., Kalia, Y.N. (2017). Iontophoresis: Basic Principles. In: Dragicevic, N., I. Maibach, H. (eds) Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Physical Methods in Penetration Enhancement. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53273-7_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53273-7_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-53271-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-53273-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation