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Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Drug Penetration Into/Through the Skin pp 255–281Cite as

Confocal Microscopy for Visualization of Skin Penetration

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Abstract

Confocal microscopic techniques have been around for over 50 years. However, only in the last two decades has there been a truly widespread use of this technology in life sciences. Today there are different confocal techniques available and at the heart of all these techniques is the ability to differentiate between the light originating from different planes of the specimen. This ability is quite important when studying thick biological specimen such as skin microscopically, otherwise a lot of the information can get lost in the form of blur. In addition, due to advances in material sciences and photonics, microscopes are able to image in vitro as well as in vivo and have allowed us to couple microscopes with spectroscopic techniques which provide valuable information the in identification and characterization of structures. In this book chapter, we discuss basic principles of confocal laser scanning microscopy, 2-photon fluorescence microscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, coherent Raman microscopy, and their applications in understanding the skin penetration of various substances.

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Acknowledgment

Authors would like to acknowledge Prof. Dr. Benjamin Dietzek and Prof. Dr. Jürgen Popp from Institut für Photonische Technologien, Jena, Germany, for their cooperation in acquiring multimodal CARS images on the human skin cross-sections.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany

    Mukul A. Ashtikar

  2. Novartis Pharmaceutical Corp., East Hanover, NJ, USA

    Daya D. Verma

  3. Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Lessingstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany

    Alfred Fahr

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  1. Mukul A. Ashtikar
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  2. Daya D. Verma
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  3. Alfred Fahr
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Correspondence to Alfred Fahr .

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  1. Apoteka “Beograd”, Belgrade, Serbia

    Nina Dragicevic

  2. San Francisco, California, USA

    Howard I. Maibach

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Ashtikar, M.A., Verma, D.D., Fahr, A. (2017). Confocal Microscopy for Visualization of Skin Penetration. In: Dragicevic, N., I. Maibach, H. (eds) Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Drug Penetration Into/Through the Skin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53270-6_15

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