Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lernen

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Allgemeine Psychologie

  • 64k Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Kapitel 7 beschreibt die aus verschiedenen Quellen, aber vor allem aus der behavioristischen Schule hervorgegangenen Erkenntnisse und Theorien über den Vollzug des Lernens, des klassischen und operanten Konditionierens und des Imitationslernens sowie die Einflüsse von Kognition und Einsicht. Besprochen werden u. A. die Prinzipien von Chaping und Chaining sowie die Konditionierung autonomer Funktionen. Hinzu kommen die neueren Erkenntnisse über komplexes und kognitives Lernen, Einsichtlernen, implizites Lernen sowie latentes Lernen.

Nichts wissen ist keine Schande, aber Nichts lernen wollen.

(Dionysius Cato)

Wenn man der Jugend reine Wahrheit sagt,

Die gelben Schnäbeln keineswegs behagt,

Sie aber hintendrein nach Jahren

Das alles derb an eigner Haut erfahren,

Dann dünkeln sie, es käm aus eignem Schopf.

(J. W. v. Goethe, Faust II, Mephistopheles)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  • Adams (1987). Historical review and appraisal of research on the learning, retention, and transfer of human motor skills. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 41–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ader & Cohen (1975). Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 37, 333–340.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. R. (2000). Learning and memory. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angermeier (1972). Kontrolle des Verhaltens. Das Lernen am Erfolg. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, R. L., Atkinson, R. C., Smith, E. E., Bem, D. J., & Hilgard, E. R. (1990). Introduction to psychology (10. Aufl.). San Diego: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson et al. (2000). (Hilgard’s) Introduction to Psychology. New York, San Diego, Chicago, San Francisco, Atlanta: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. deutsch 2001, deutsch Atkinson et al., 2001, Hilgards Einführung in die Psychologie. Spektrum: Akademischer Verlag

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura (1965). Vicarious Process: A case of no-trial learning. In L. Berkowitz (Hrsg.), Advances in experimental social Psychology (Bd. 2, S. 1–55). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura (1969). Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura (1979). Sozial-kognitive Lerntheorie. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehard & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1963). Imitation of film-mediated aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 3–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., & Jeffery, R. W. (1973). Role of symbolic coding and rehearsal processes in observational learning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 122–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, Best, & Domjan (1978). Learning mechanisms on food selection. Houston: Baylor University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birbaumer, N., & Schmidt, R. F. (2006). Biologische Psychologie (6. Aufl.). Heidelberg: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolles (1970). Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning. Psychological Review, 77, 32–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breland, K., & Breland, M. (1961). The misbehavior of organism. American Psychologist, 16, 661–664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carew, et al. (1972). Long-term habituation of a defensive withdrawal response in aplysia. Science, 175(4020), 451–454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973a). The mind’s eye in chess. In W. G. Chase (Hrsg.), Visual information processing. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973b). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 55–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chomsky (1965). Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Culler, et al. (1935). Measurements of acuity by the conditioned response technique. Journal of General Psychology, 12, 223–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • of General Psychology, 12, 223–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davison, & Neale (1979). Klinische Psychologie. München: Urban & Schwarzenberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Groot, A. D. (1965). Thought and choice in chess. Mounton: The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorsch (2013). Lexikon der Psychologie , Wirtz, Marcus A. Bern: Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dugatkin, L. A. (2002). Waching culture shape even guppy love. Cerebrum, 51–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebbinghaus, H. (1885). Über das Gedächtnis. Leipzig: Dunckes & Humbolt. Neuaufl. 1992, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, & Acker (1962). A demonstration of the longterm retention of a conditioned galvanic skin response. Psychosomatic Medicine, 24, 459–463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, P. J. H. (2008). Tacit knowledge and visual expertise in medical diagnostic reasoning: Implications for medical education. Medical Teacher, 30, e184–e188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W. (1995). Long-term working memory. Psychological Review, 102, 211–245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, K. A., & Lehman, A. C. (1996). Expert and exceptional performance: Evidence on maximal adaptations on task constraints. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 273–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100, 363–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M. T. (2010). Cognitive Psychology. A Student’s Handbook. Hove: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitts, P. M., & Posner, M. I. (1967). Human Performance. London: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franck (1985). Verhaltensbiologie – Einführung in die Ethologie. Stuttgart: Thieme.

    Google Scholar 

  • v. Frisch, K. (1965). Tanz, Sprache und Orientierung der Bienen. Heidelberg: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gantt (1966). Reflexology, schizokinesis, and autokinesis. Conditional Reflex, 1, 57–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, J., & Kölling, R. A. (1966). Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science, 4, 123–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gobet, F., & Clarkson, G. (2004). Chunks in expert memory: Evidence for the magical number four. . . or is it two? Memory, 12, 732–747.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (1996). Templates in chess memory: A mechanism for recalling several boards. Cognitive Psychology, 31, 1–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gobet, F., & Simon, H. A. (2000). Five seconds or sixty? Presentation time in expert memory. Cognitive Science, 24, 651–682.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gobet, F., & Waters, A. J. (2003). The role of constrains in expert memory. Journal of experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 29, 1082–1094.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobet, F., Chassy, P., & Bilalic, M. (2011). Foundations of Cognitive Psychology. Berkshire: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haider, H., & Frensch, P. A. (2002). Why aggregated learning follows the power law of practice when individual learning does not: Comment on Rickard (1997, 1999), Delaney et al. (1998). Journal of Experimental Psychology: learning, Memory and Cognition, 28, 392–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, G. (2008). Perceptual learning. In J. Byrne & R. Menzel (Hrsg.), Learning theory and behavior Learning and memory: a comprehensive reference, (Bd. 1, S. 103–121). Amsterdam:: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, & Kandell (1984). Is there a cell-biological alphabet for simple forms of learning? Psychological Review, 91, 375–391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hebb (1949). The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, E. H. (1959). Imprinting, an effect of early experience. Science, 130, 133–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huston (1985). Television and human behavior. Transcript of a science and public policy seminar. Washington: Federation of Behavioral, Psychological, and Cognitive Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, H. M., & Harrison, R. H. (1962). Generalization gradients of inhibition following auditory discrimination learning. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5, 435–441.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kamin (1969). Predictability, surprise, attention, and conditioning. In B. A. Campbell & R. M. Church (Hrsg.), Punishment and aversive behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandel (1979). Cellular insights into behavior and learning. The Harvey lectures, 73, 29–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanfer, & Phillips (1975). Lerntheoretische Grundlagen der Verhaltenstherapie. München: Kindler.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellman, P. J. (2002). Perceptual learning. In D. Medin & H. Passler (Hrsg.), Memory and cognitive processes Steven’s handbook of experimental psychology, (Bd. 2, S. 259–299). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Köhler (1920). Die physischen Gestalten in Ruhe und im stationären Zustand. Erlangen: Weltkreisverlag.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Krupinsky, E. A., Tillack, A. A., Richter, L., Henderson, J. T., Bhattacharyya, A. K., et al. (2006). Eye-movement study and human performance using telepathology and differences with experience. Human Pathology, 37, 1543–1556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liddell (1934). The conditioned reflex. In F. A. Moss (Hrsg.), Comparative psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Locke, J. (1975). An essay concerning human understanding. Oxford: P. H. Nidditch. Original 1690

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, G. D. (1988). Towards an instance theory of automatization. Psychological Review, 95, 492–527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz, K. (1935). Der Kumpan in der Umwelt des Vogels. Journal für Ornithologie, 83(2–3), 137–215. und S. 289–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Los Angeles Times: http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-26/entertainment/ca-898_1_violent-act.

  • Maier, S. F., & Seligman, M. E. (1976). Learned helplessness: Theory and evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 105(1), 3–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackintosh (1975). A theory of attention. Psychological Review, 82, 276–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, K., Remy, M., & Schmidt, H. G. (2008). Is analytic information processing a feature of expertise in medicine? Advances in Health Sciences Education, 13, 123–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, & Dollard (1941). Social learning and imitation. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moar (1980). The nature and acquisition of cognitive maps. In D. Cantor & T. Lee (Hrsg.), Proceedings of the international conference on environmental psychology. London: Architectural Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, D. G. (2008). Psychologie. Heidelberg: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institutes of Mental Health Report, 1982). Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific evidence and implications for the eighties (Vol. I), Summary Report. Washington, DC: U. S. Government printing office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olton (1979). Mazes and memory. American Psychologist, 34, 583–596.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson (1977). Linguistic abilities of a young lowland gorilla. Paper presented at American Association for the advancement of Science Symposium. An account of the visual mode: man versus ape, Denver.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R., Chamberlain, P., & Reid, J. B. (1982). A comparative evaluation of parent training procedures. Behavior Therapy, 13, 638–650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). Antisocial boys. Eugene: Castalia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawlow (1927). Conditioned reflexes. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. deutsch 1972, Die bedingten Reflexe. München: Kindler

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, D. P. (1983). The impact of mass media violence on U.S. homicides. Am. Sociol. Rev., 48, 560–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pierrel, & Sherman (1963). Train your pet the Barnabus way. Brown Alumni Monthly, February, 8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Premack (1959). Toward empirical behavior laws: Pt. 1. Positive reinforcement. Psychological Review, 66, 219–233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Premack (1965). Reinforcement theory. In D. Levine (Hrsg.), Nebraska symphosium on motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Premack, D. (1985). „Gavagi“ Or the future history of the animal language controversy. Cognition, 19, 207–296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Premack, D., & Premack, A. J. (1983). The mind of an ape. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prokasy, W. F., Grant, D. A., & Myers, N. A. (1958). Eyelid conditioning as a function of unconditioned stimulus intensity and intertrial interval. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55(3), 242–246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla (1967). Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures. Psychological Review, 74, 71–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla (1972). Informational variables in Pavlovian conditioning. In G. H. Bower (Hrsg.), Psychology of learning and motivation Bd. 6 New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla (1988). Pavlovian Conditioning: It’s not what you think it is. American Psychologist, 43, 151–160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla, & Solomon (1967). Two-process learning theory: Relations between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning. Psychological review, 74, 151–182.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla, & Wagner (1972). A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In A. H. Black & W. F. Prokasy (Hrsg.), Classical conditioning. II: Current research and theory (S. 64–99). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, & Grusec (1975). Saying and doing: Effects on observer performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 584–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzolati, G., Fatiga, L., Fogassi, L., & Gallese, V. (2002). From mirror neurons to imitation. Facts and speculations. In A. N. Melzoff & W. Prinz (Hrsg.), The imitative mind: Development, evolution and brain bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruch, & Zimbardo (1974). Lehrbuch der Psychologie. Berlin: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rudy, & Wagner (1995). Stimulus selection in associative learning. In W. K. Estes (Hrsg.), Handbook of learning and cognition Bd. 2 Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schedlowski et al. (1996). Psychoneuroimmunologie. Heidelberg: Spektrum.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schleidt (1961). Über die Auslösung der Flucht von Raubvögeln bei Truthühnern. Die Naturwissenschaften, 48, 141–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz (1984, 1989). Psychology of Learning and Behavior. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seger (1994). Implicit learning. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 163–196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman (1970). On the generality of the laws of learning. Psychological Review, 77, 406–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman (1971). Preparedness and phobias. Behavior Therapy, 2, 307–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development and death. San Francisco: Freeman. deutsch 19955, korrig. Aufl., Gelernte Hilflosigkeit. Weinheim: Psychologie Verlagsunion

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel (1983). A behavioral approach to the analysis of reticular formation unit activity. In T. E. Robinson (Hrsg.), Behavioral approaches to brain research (S. 94–116). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. A., & Gilmartin, K. (1973). Simulation of memory for chess positions. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 29–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, T., Seymour, B., O’Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. (2004). Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science, 303, 1157–1162.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. (1961). Teaching machines. Scientific American, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, A., Morison, V., & Somers, M. (1988). Orientation discrimination and cortical function in the human newborn. Perception, 17, 597–602. S. 90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slucki, Adam, & Porter (1965). Operant discrimination of an interoceptive stimulus in rhesus monkeys. J. exp. Anal. Behav., 8, 405–414.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Spada, H., Rummel, L., & Ernst, A. (2006). Lernen. In H. Spada: Allgemeine Psychologie (5.Aufl.) (S. 343-434), Bern: Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, J. R., & Ben-Zeev, T. (2001). Complex cognition: The psychology of human thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorndike (1898). Animal intelligence. Psychological Review Monograph Supplement, 2(8), 4–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe (1961). Birdsong. The biology of vocal communication and expression in birds. Cambridge Monographs in Experimental Biology, 12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinbergen (1951). The Study of Instinct. London: Oxford University Press. deutsch 1952/1956, Instinktlehre. Hamburg: Parey

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman (1932). Purposive behavior in animals and men. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, & Honzik (1930). Insight in rats. University of California Publications in Psychology, 4, 215–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner (1981). SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior. In N. E. Spear & R. R. Miller (Hrsg.), Information Processing in animals: Memory mechanisms. Hillsdale, New York: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walters, & Grusec (1977). Punishment. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, & Rayner (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of experimental psychology, 3, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, D. (1989). Allgemeine Psychologie: Eine Einführung. Stuttgart, Berlin, Köln: Kohlhammer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcoxon, et al. (1971). Illness-induced aversions in rat and quail: Relative salience of visual and gustatory cues. Science, 171, 826–828.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, B. P. (1999). Visual Expertise. Radiology, 211, 1–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, et al. (1991). Effects of media violence on viewers’ aggression in unconstrained social interaction. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 371–383.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimbardo (1995). Psychologie. Berlin: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Allgemeine Psychologie I und II, Universität Münster, Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Deutschland

    Christian Becker-Carus

  2. Fakultät für Humanwissenschaften, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Deutschland

    Mike Wendt

Authors
  1. Christian Becker-Carus
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mike Wendt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christian Becker-Carus .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Becker-Carus, C., Wendt, M. (2017). Lernen. In: Allgemeine Psychologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53006-1_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53006-1_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-53005-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-53006-1

  • eBook Packages: Psychology (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation