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Renal Vasculitis in Children

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Pediatric Kidney Disease

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Abstract

In this chapter, we focus on antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis and glomerulonephritis (GN) as a prototype of “renal vasculitis” in children. Vasculitis is a clinical and pathological “merged” entity that has undergone substantial changes during the past decades; this has created some confusion in understanding it. In particular, several changes in the concept and terminology of vasculitis and the classical clinical entity of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) have caused confusion in the diagnosis of vasculitis and ANCA-associated GN. The differences in perspectives among nephrologists, rheumatologists, and pathologists have exacerbated the confusion as well. Therefore, we have tried to arrange these perspectives so as to be simple. We will review the recent genome-wide association analysis, which has revealed the genetic difference between granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis, as well as discuss the roles of ANCA itself, human lysosomal membrane protein-2 (hLAMP-2) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the pathogenesis of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. Recent therapies and the prognosis of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis are also illustrated.

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Abbreviations

AAGN:

ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis

AAV:

ANCA-associated vasculitis

ANCA:

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody

CPA:

Oral cyclophosphamide

EGP:

Eosinophilic granuloma with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome)

ENT:

Ear nose, and throat

GBM:

Glomerular basement membrane

GN:

Glomerulonephritis

GPA:

Granulomatous polyangiitis (WG)

HSPN:

Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis

LAMP-2:

Lysosome-associated membrane protein-2

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MMI:

Methimazole

MPA:

Microscopic polyangiitis

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

NCGN:

Necrotizing crescentic glomerulonephritis

NETs:

Neutrophil extracellular traps

PAN:

Polyarteritis nodosa

PE:

Plasma exchange

PR3:

Proteinase-3

PTU:

Propylthiouracil

RLV:

Renal-limited vasculitis

RPGN:

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

SOV:

Single-organ vasculitis

VVV:

Variable vessel vasculitis

WG:

Wegener’s granulomatosis (GPA)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University Itabashi Hospital, 30-1, Kamichou, Oyaguchi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan

    Shori Takahashi

  2. Department of Kidney and Vascular Pathology, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba-City, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan

    Michio Nagata

  3. Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, Kamichou, Oyaguchi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan

    Hiroshi Saito

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  1. Shori Takahashi
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Correspondence to Shori Takahashi .

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  1. Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Denis F. Geary

  2. Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

    Franz Schaefer

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Takahashi, S., Nagata, M., Saito, H. (2016). Renal Vasculitis in Children. In: Geary, D., Schaefer, F. (eds) Pediatric Kidney Disease. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52972-0_27

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