Abstract
This chapter discusses the findings from the qualitative and quantitative research conducted among farmers, private sector seed industry representatives, and scientists at government research institutes. Section 5.1 discusses the results from the qualitative and quantitative interviews and surveys conducted among the private sector and public sector agricultural research institutes/universities. It finds that as anticipated by the research in Chap. 4, there is limited to no ongoing R&D activity in relation to pulses crops in the private sector seed industry of India. The private sector continues to focus its efforts on hybrids and transgenic hybrids. However, representatives of the government research institutes, as well as those in the private sector seed industry opined that the absence of strong IP protection regimes (such as patent type regimes) were not the key reason for the latter's unwillingness to invest in R&D in self-pollinating crops like pulses. Section 5.2 discusses the results from the qualitative and quantitative interviews and surveys conducted among farmers in two districts of central India. Contrary to expectations, the survey data indicated, at high levels of statistical significance, that given a choice between saving seeds from the previous season's harvest or buying new/improved seeds from the market, farmers across all land holding sizes preferred to buy new/improved seeds. Linear and probit regressions conducted on the survey data further revealed several factors that influence this decision. The findings of this chapter also suggest that widespread efforts to promote seed replacement may have a negative impact on the culture of seed exchange that is central to farmer level innovations and in situ agrobiodiversity conservation.
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- 1.
Oliver W. Holmes, ‘The Path of the Law’ (1897) 10 Harvard Law Review 457, 469.
- 2.
See Annex 6 for a more detailed explanation of the questions asked via the private sector survey.
- 3.
As explained briefly Annex 6, the expected and actual response rate from the private sector seed industry was rather low (15 responses were received from the >250 surveys sent out).
- 4.
For example, it would have been useful to understand whether companies of any specific size were undertaking R&D/production/distribution only in cross-pollinating crops or whether companies of all sizes have this focus.
- 5.
As discussed in the chapters above, this question was asked via postal surveys to all identifiable seed companies in India. The aim was to conduct an empirical survey to determine whether the reasons for entering the seed market were different in the 1970s and 1980s than it is in the 21st century. Although a quantitative study in this direction could not be completed due to a low response rate, the responses received to interviews conducted personally were summarized in the context of the questions identified in Annex 6 below, and are presented here.
- 6.
The responses include those received from three seed companies. The oldest of these companies was established in India in the 1970s and is one of the most respected indigenous seed companies in India. Of the other two, one is a multinational seed company and the other is a large indigenous seed company. The names of the companies from whom responses were received have been withheld in cases where the company so requested.
- 7.
Interview with Kannan Bapu, Professor (Plant breeding), Department of Pulses, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (Coimbatore (India) 17 January 2012), available with author. Also, interview with Shashank Mauria, Assistant Director General (Intellectual Property & Technology Management), Indian Council for Agricultural Research (New Delhi 11 January 2012), available with author. And also, interview with Pooram Gaur, Principal Scientist, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) (Hyderabad 30 January 2012), available with author.
- 8.
The other stakeholders interviewed consisted primarily of lawyers who represent various seed companies before the Plant Authority of India (for the purpose of registering plant variety applications). The names of these representatives have been withheld as per their request.
- 9.
Interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012), available with author.
- 10.
Interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012). Also, interview with Aparna Das, Head, Biotechnology, Indo-American Hybrid Seeds Co. (Bangalore 14 March 2009), available with author.
- 11.
Interview with S. Bala Ravi, Project Director, MS Swaminathan Research Foundation (Chennai 16 April 2009), available with author. Also, interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012), available with author.
- 12.
Interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012), available with author. Also, Interview with Kannan Bapu, Professor (Plant breeding), Department of Pulses, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (Coimbatore (India) 17 January 2012), available with author.
- 13.
Dr. Aparna Das, Head, Biotechnology, Indo-American Hybrid Seeds Co. (Bangalore, 14 March 2009), available with author. Interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012), available with author.
- 14.
It is noteworthy, however, that these responses cannot be relied upon to understand the entire private sector portfolio vis-à-vis plant variety R&D, production and distribution as this list represents responses gathered from only 15 seed companies of India.
- 15.
Currently, the private sector interest in these crops is growing very slowly because the level of out crossing (and therefore, the level of seed production) using these methods is low. Manual pollination is currently the key method adopted for pollinating male sterile lines in order to give the resulting crop the desired trait sets. However, this is a tedious and time consuming process giving rise to low volumes of seed production, which is not cost-effective from the private sector perspective. Interview with Kannan Bapu, Professor (Plant breeding), Department of Pulses, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (Coimbatore (India) 17 January 2012), available with author. Also, interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012), available with author. It is relatively easier to work with Chickpeas. However, the seed volumes are still low. The private sector interest in chickpeas is therefore almost non-existent: Interview with Pooram Gaur, Principal Scientist, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) (Hyderabad 30 January 2012), available with author. In soybean, although it is also a self-pollinating crop, there is more private sector participation because farmer demand for soybean seed has always been high. It is also a relatively more easy crop to work with. Interview with Suman Sahai, Scientist and Chairperson, Gene Campaign (NGO) (New Delhi 11 January 2012), available with author.
- 16.
Interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012), available with author.
- 17.
Interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012), available with author. Also, discussion with Aparna Das, Head, Biotechnology, Indo-American Hybrid Seeds Co. (Bangalore 14 March 2009), available with author.
- 18.
Emergent Genetics v Shailendra Shivam, Delhi High Court (11 August 2011). <http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/183763759/> accessed September 14, 2014.
- 19.
Interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012), available with author. Also, discussion with Aparna Das, Head, Biotechnology, Indo-American Hybrid Seeds Co. (Bangalore, 14 March 2009), available with author.
- 20.
Also, Interview with Aparna Das, Head of Biotechnology, Indo-American Hybrid Seeds Co. (Bangalore 14 March 2009), available with author.
- 21.
Interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012), available with author. However, more R&D and more systematic R&D is taking place for the crops that were already part of the private sector R&D portfolio.
- 22.
Interview with Kannan Bapu, Professor (Plant breeding), Department of Pulses, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (Coimbatore 17 January 2012), available with author. Also, interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012), available with author.
- 23.
Interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012), available with author.
- 24.
Interview with Kannan Bapu, Professor (Plant breeding), Department of Pulses, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (Coimbatore (India) 17 January 2012), available with author.
- 25.
Indeed, no private sector seed company in India is likely to have the kind of access to germplasm and infrastructure necessary to undertake such basic R&D. Interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012), available with author. This echoes with the claims by observers/critiques of plant variety protection laws worldwide that “the public sector has been pushed out of applied research toward a basic research agenda for the benefit of corporations.” See ‘Ten Reasons not to join UPOV’ (1998) Issue 2 GAIA/GRAIN <http://www.grain.org/article/entries/1-ten-reasons-not-to-join-upov> accessed October 29, 2014.
- 26.
Interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012), available with author.
- 27.
Interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012), available with author. However, according to Dr. Kannan Bapu, more than 20 % increase in yields have been witnessed after the adoption of hybrid rice and is attracting farmer interest in certain regions of Tamil Nadu. Interview with Kannan Bapu, Professor (Plant breeding), Department of Pulses, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (Coimbatore 17 January 2012), available with author.
- 28.
Interview with Kannan Bapu, Professor (Plant breeding), Department of Pulses, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (Coimbatore 17 January 2012), available with author.
- 29.
Protein synthesis takes up a lot of resources and it is difficult to expect both yield and high protein content. Interview with Kannan Bapu, Professor (Plant breeding), Department of Pulses, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (Coimbatore 17 January 2012), available with author.
- 30.
According to representatives of the public sector agricultural universities, SAUs frequently recommend an increase in the minimum support price for pulses because of the low productivity and disease susceptibility of most pulses crops. However, the government is hesitant to increase the MSP for pulses because it is able to import pulses at rates lower than the desired MSP and meet the national demand for pulses. Interview with Kannan Bapu, Professor (Plant breeding), Department of Pulses, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (Coimbatore 17 January 2012), available with author.
- 31.
Interview with Bhim Dahiya, Chief Co-ordinator R&D, Kaveri Seed Co. Ltd. (Hyderabad 31 January 2012), available with author.
- 32.
There was also a contradiction in the opinion expressed by certain representatives of the seed industry when they were under the impression that questions were being asked from their personal opinion perspective versus when they were requested to answer the questions from their company’s perspective. As plant breeders and as members of the Indian society and polity, they expressed the opinion that a strong farmers’ and breeders’ exemption is necessary within any plant variety protection regime in order to ensure the progress of science and to ensure that poor farmers are able to afford seeds. Accordingly, they expressed an opinion strongly disfavoring India’s adoption of a patents or UPOV 1991 type regime for the protection of plant varieties. However, they clarified on being asked, that the companies that they worked for do whole-heartedly support patent protection for plant varieties. Respondents not identified as per their request.
- 33.
On the other hand, recent news reports have also highlighted instances of biopiracy in violation of the provisions of the Indian Biological Diversity Act, 2000. Surash Sahu, ‘Jatropha Biopiracy Debate’ Grain (25 January 2006) <http://www.grain.org/article/entries/2189-jatropha-biopiracy-debate> accessed October 29, 2014.
- 34.
Interview with Pooram Gaur, Principal Scientist, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) (Hyderabad 30 January 2012), available with author. Also, interview with Shashank Mauria, Assistant Director General (Intellectual Property & Technology Management), Indian Council for Agricultural Research (New Delhi 11 January 2012), available with author.
- 35.
Interview with Shashank Mauria, Assistant Director General (Intellectual Property & Technology Management), Indian Council for Agricultural Research (New Delhi 11 January 2012), available with author. Also, interview with Suman Sahai, Scientist and Chairperson, Gene Campaign (NGO) (New Delhi 11 January 2012), available with author.
- 36.
Interview with Shashank Mauria, Assistant Director General (Intellectual Property & Technology Management), Indian Council for Agricultural Research (New Delhi 11 January 2012), who also opined that a great deal of R&D that emerges from the private sector is primarily cosmetic breeding with no significant underlying R&D.
- 37.
Disease resistance has not been successful so far because of the absence of good donor varieties that are disease resistant. Interview with Anita Babbar, Senior Scientist (Chickpea Breeding), Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (Jabalpur 21 February 2012), available with author.
- 38.
Interview with Anita Babbar, Senior Scientist (Chickpea Breeding), Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (Jabalpur 21 February 2012).
- 39.
ibid.
- 40.
Ibid.
- 41.
Interview with Shashank Mauria, Assistant Director General (Intellectual Property & Technology Management), Indian Council for Agricultural Research (New Delhi, 11 January 2012).
- 42.
See for example, ‘Grassroots Innovation: An Interview with Anil Gupta’ <http://www.sgiquarterly.org/feature2012Jan-3.html> accessed November 2, 2014. See also, the scouting and documentation work done by non-governmental organizations such as the Honey Bee Network <http://www.sristi.org/hbnew/scout.php> accessed November 2, 2014.
- 43.
Interview with Vilas Tonapi, Head and Nodal Officer (Seeds), Division of Seed Science & Technology, Indian Council for Agricultural Research (New Delhi 19 January 2012), available with author.
- 44.
See National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources <http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in/> accessed October 29, 2014.
- 45.
Interview with Vilas Tonapi, Head and Nodal Officer (Seeds), Division of Seed Science & Technology, Indian Council for Agricultural Research (New Delhi 19 January 2012), available with author.
- 46.
As found by the plant variety application trends in India studied in this chapter above.
- 47.
In a grounded theory research, which was the dominant qualitative research design for the private sector research within the larger mixed-methods research approach, the foundational question is “What theory or explanation emerges from an analysis of the data collected about this phenomenon?” In other words, a grounded theory research has a specific phenomenon as the starting point of the research. Therefore the central phenomenon that was being investigated has been stated here. Burke Johnson and Larry Christensen, Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Approaches, 399.
- 48.
For the complete set of research questions addressed by the farmer surveys, see Annex 6.
- 49.
See Annex 6.
- 50.
In each of these regions, part of the population (and villages) also fall into the so called “tribal belts” where the farmers are known to practice traditional farming using traditional seeds and engage in the cultivation of a more diverse set of crops.
- 51.
For an explanation of each of the other variables, see Annex 5.
- 52.
PMYN is the variable indicating whether or not profit is the main motive with which farmers cultivate any specified crop. It took the value 1 when the farmer indicated profit as a main motive and took the value 0 in cases where the farmer did not indicate profit as being his main motive for cultivating a crop. See Sect. 5.2.1.4.1 and Table 5.3.
- 53.
PMYN is expected to be 1 because as per the coding used to conduct statistical analysis, the average value of 1 would indicates that all farmers are engaging in crop cultivation with profit as their primary motive.
- 54.
It is necessary to note here that the cultivation trends studied in this section do not refer to the land area over which pulses versus non-pulses crops are cultivated. It refers merely to the fact, as stated by the surveyed farmers, of whether the farmers cultivate pulses and/or non-pulses and which types of pulses and non-pulses crops.
- 55.
The Wilcoxon Ranksum test, or Mann Whitney U test is a test of the null hypothesis that two populations are the same against an alternative hypothesis, especially that a particular population tends to have larger values than the other. The test is used as a means of testing hypothesis in data that is not normally distributed, and also for ordinal data. The test gives a p-value that helps determine whether the null hypothesis can be rejected. If the p-value is less than 0.05, the alternative hypothesis is considered true at a 95 % confidence interval. In other words, the lower the P value, the lower the probability that the null hypothesis is being incorrectly rejected. For a more detailed explanation of how a ranksum is calculated and interpreted, see ‘Chapter 14: Non-parametric Tests’ <http://www.stat.ufl.edu/~winner/sta3024/chapter14.pdf>.
- 56.
It is relevant to note that a ‘no’ here does not indicate that the farmer expressly rejected this as being a reason why he cultivates a crop, but that the farmer did not indicate this as being the primary reason for his cultivation preference.
- 57.
See discussion under Sect. 5.2.3 Factors Affecting Seed Replacement & Conservation: Linear and Probit Regressions.
- 58.
The key problems associated with the coding include the following: (i) The coding of each of the 9 categories of farmer responses as a “profit indicating” reason or not, can be considered subjective; (ii) The existence of a profit motive, does not mean that it is the only motive for choosing to cultivate a crop; (iii) A farmer, as an entrepreneur, ought to consider his/her profits when determining cultivation choices; (iv) The reasons categorized as “non-profit” are not 100 % devoid of a profit motive. For example, even if a farmer chooses to cultivate a crop with the aim of enriching the soil, his final aim is to make the soil more productive so as to obtain higher yields and therefore higher profits. Similarly, growing a crop primarily for self-consumption helps the farmer save costs associated with buying food for consumption.
- 59.
For example, for the Profit (CC_Profit) category, in Deobhog, there were a total of 92 responses (51 responses in relation to preferred crop, and 41 responses in relation to pulses crops). The 32.61 % for CC_Profit for Preferred Crops in Deobhog indicates that 32.61 % of the total (92) respondents in Deobhog stated that they cultivate the preferred crop with a profit motive. Compared to this, 40.69 % of the total (145) respondents in Narsinghpur stated that they cultivate the preferred crop with a profit motive.
- 60.
The test of proportions (or the second form prtest in stata) tests whether a variable has the same proportion within the two chosen groups. See Stata Manual <http://www.stata.com/manuals13/rprtest.pdf> accessed September 14, 2014.
- 61.
PMYN (Profit Motive Y/N) is the variable indicating whether or not profit is the main motive with which farmers cultivate any specified crop. It took the value 1 when the farmer indicated profit as a main motive and took the value 0 in cases where the farmer did not indicate profit as being his main motive for cultivating a crop. See Sect. 5.2.1.4.1 and Table 5.3.
- 62.
‘prtest’ performs tests on the equality of proportions using large-sample statistics.
In the form of the prtest used on the above data (called the third form of the prtest), it tests whether the specified variable (eg. CC_Profit) has the same proportion within the two defined groups (e.g. within the 2 districts, or within the 2 broad crop categories). See Stata Manual. Although the sample size is not large when considered from the perspective of several quantitative studies, it is large enough to conduct a prtest as per recommended minimum sample sizes for quantitative research undertaken as part of the mixed methods research. Furthermore, for individual farmer-level data, the adequacy of the collected sample is reflected in the statistical test results.
- 63.
The pre-test included questions such as “do you use traditional seeds for your cultivation or do you prefer to use market/government seeds?” If you use traditional seeds, for how many years have you not bought any seeds from the market for this crop?” It was noticed that farmers were not consistent in their responses to these questions. For example, farmers were frequently answering “yes” to using traditional seeds but then stating that they buy new seeds from the market as often as is necessary, or each year.
- 64.
As noted in Chaps. 3 and 4 above, traditionally, seed is replaced also by farmer-to farmer seed exchanges. Such exchanges are also known to help increase crop yields (without having to buy formally improved breeder seeds from the government or the market). Nonethless, in modern times, the seed replacement rate statistic is calculated on the basis of the frequency with which farmers buy new seeds from the market (government or private sector seeds, both of which are formally improved seeds). For a more detailed explanation of ‘Seed Replacement Rate’ see Chap. 3 above.
- 65.
See Chap. 3 above for a detailed explanation of seed replacement rate and pollination.
- 66.
Interview with Mr. Khuswaha, Senior Regional Agricultural Extension Officer (RAEO) (Deobhog February 2012). According to Mr. Khushwaha, a sample of the traditional mung seeds of Deobhog district were sent by him to the Chhattisgarh Agricultural University as these seeds were a favorite among farmers due to their ability to withstand vagaries of nature, including drought and attacks from pests. According to several farmers also, the traditional mung varieties of Deobhog are such that give some yield, no matter what the conditions. They are not prone to pest attacks and also need no irrigation. However, the ‘improved’ mung varieties released by the University failed initial field trials as they were prone to attacks by pests and were therefore dependent on considerable doses of chemical pesticides for yield.
- 67.
As stated above, Narsinghpur is well known for its red gram variety. Although it is considered to be cultivating traditional varieties of red gram, the interviews with villagers suggested that this is not truly the case anymore because the farmers cultivate a variety that was released by the government in the 1970s. Any difference in quality, therefore, is not a result of the seed, but perhaps other conditions such as climate or soil properties.
- 68.
Although the survey could not successfully collect reliable information regarding sale price and yield per hectare for each crop, the higher pulses yields in Madhya Pradesh may be explained, at least in part, by higher seed replacement rates. However, it is necessary also to determine whether corresponding lower conservation scores make the higher yields worthwhile. Given the frequency with which farmers in both districts stated that yields in traditional seeds were progressively declining since the adoption of high yielding varieties and use of chemical fertilizers, it might also be necessary to conduct scientific investigations into this association. Further, given that prior to the development of green revolution seeds, most traditional seeds were found to not perform well in the presence of chemical fertilizers, suggests that it is possible that traditional pulses varieties, that have not been engineered to perform in the presence of chemical fertilizers, will slowly stop performing as a result of the growing concentration of chemical fertilizers in the soil following the cultivation of staple crops (with fertilizers) in every Kharif season. Comprehensive scientific research in this area, although highly relevant in the Indian context, appears not to have been undertaken so far.
- 69.
Or < 2.5 acres.
- 70.
Or between 2.5 and 5 acres.
- 71.
Or between 5 and 10 acres.
- 72.
Or between 10 and 25 acres.
- 73.
Or more than 25 acres.
- 74.
- 75.
The mean of small holders is larger than that of large land holders, suggesting that small holders replace their seeds less than do large landholders in case of pulses crops.
- 76.
Interview with Narendra Mittal, Farmer (Subhash Nagar 15 January 2012), available with author. Mr. Mittal cultivates over 150 acres of land in the State of Uttarakhand in India.
- 77.
In a probit regression model (unlike in a linear regression model), the dependent variable can take only two values, for example, ‘yes’ or ‘no’, ‘male’ or ‘female’ etc. For more details, see Sect. 5.2.3.3.2.
- 78.
Even when seen from the perspective of farmer level seed improvement and creation of farmers’ varieties, seed saving and resowing must be done for at least 6 or 7 years consecutively in order to create a stable and uniform variety with specific desired characteristics. See for example HMT seed (see Chap. 4, Sect. 4.3.2 above) which was created by the farmer after several years of continuous sowing, selecting, saving and resowing.
- 79.
Gender was not used included in the analysis because all but 2 surveyed farmers were men.
- 80.
The case of one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression. For more than one explanatory variable, it is called multiple linear regression.
- 81.
In linear regression models, the effect on Y of a change in X is the expected change in Y arising from a change in X. See Page 391 of James H. Stock and Mark W. Watson, Introduction to Econometrics (2nd Edn., Pearson International Edition 2007) 391.
- 82.
Such as the methods recommended by agricultural researchers such as Albert Howard before the green revolution – see discussion in Chap. 4 above.
- 83.
In fact, in many the of surveyed villages within the two districts, farmers have stopped the local production of farmyard manure and are also not engaged in animal husbandry which is a pre-requisite for the production of farmyard manure.
- 84.
A closer analysis of the responses in this regard, especially to determine whether any specific category of farmers (e.g. farmers with smaller landholding sizes) are more prone to not share would have been interesting, but was not done as it was not perceived as contributing significantly to the scope of this study.
- 85.
Mathieu Thomas et al., ‘Seed Exchanges, A Key to Analyze Crop Diversity Dynamics in Farmer-led On-far Conservation,’ 329.
- 86.
Ibid.
- 87.
Mathieu Thomas et al., ‘Seed Exchanges, A Key to Analyze Crop Diversity Dynamics in Farmer-led On-far Conservation.’
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Kochupillai, M. (2016). Data Coding, Interpretation and Analysis. In: Promoting Sustainable Innovations in Plant Varieties. Munich Studies on Innovation and Competition, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52796-2_5
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