Zusammenfassung
Der körperliche Fitness- und Funktionszustand vor schweren Operationen (OP) steht mit einem perioperativ erhöhten Morbiditäts- und Mortalitätsrisiko, verlängerten Klinikverweildauern, verzögerter Wiederherstellung der Alltagsfunktion respektive höheren Krankenhauskosten im Zusammenhang. Bei Patienten mit inneren OP-indikationen konnte hohe qualitative Evidenz dafür gefunden werden, dass sich v. a. präoperative inspiratorische Atemtrainings, ggf. in Kombination mit Kraftausdauerübungen, eignen, um Klinikverweildauern und postoperative Komplikationen zu reduzieren sowie körperliche Leistungsparameter vor OP zu verbessern. Bei Patienten mit orthopädischen OP-indikationen ergab sich Evidenz für die Wirksamkeit eines präoperativen Krafttrainings im Hinblick auf die Verbesserung körperlicher Funktionen vor OP, reduzierte Klinikverweildauern sowie eine schnellere funktionelle Genese. Insgesamt scheinen Risikopatienten am meisten zu profitieren. Die Datenlage zeigt Bedeutung und Potenziale eines trainingsbedingt gesteigerten präoperativen körperlichen Fitness- und Funktionsniveaus. Aufgrund von Interventionsvielfalt, Heterogenität der Patientenkollektive sowie zum Teil geringer Power und Berichtsqualität der vorliegenden Studien ist weder die Evidenz für die Effektivität präoperativer Trainings noch deren spezifische Gestaltung (Art, Dosis, Intensität) abschließend geklärt.
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Vogt, L., Giesche, F. (2017). Präoperatives Training. In: Banzer, W. (eds) Körperliche Aktivität und Gesundheit. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-50335-5_28
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