Skip to main content

Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Pathology of the Head and Neck

Abstract

The thyroid and parathyroid chapter of the Head and Neck book gives a broad overview from the most frequent to the rarest diseases of these endocrine glands. Considerations on epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, morphology, and resumed clinical management are provided for each disease, as well as some of the most up-to-date information on molecular markers. Exhaustive photographic documentation is provided for each disease, including macroscopic and microscopic images, as well as recent bibliographic references to guide further readings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Harach HR. Solid cell nests of the human thyroid in early stages of postnatal life. Systematic autopsy study. Acta Anat (Basel). 1986;127(4):262–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Fellegara G, Dorji T, Bajineta MR, Rosai J. Images in pathology. “Giant” solid cell rest of the thyroid: a hyperplastic change? Int J Surg Pathol. 2009;17(3):268–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Reis-Filho JS, Preto A, Soares P, Ricardo S, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Sobrinho-Simoes M. p63 expression in solid cell nests of the thyroid: further evidence for a stem cell origin. Mod Pathol. 2003;16(1):43–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Courcoutsakis N, Patronas N, Filie AC, Carney JA, Moraitis A, Stratakis CA. Ectopic thymus presenting as a thyroid nodule in a patient with the carney complex. Thyroid. 2009;19(3):293–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Wheeler MH, Williams ED, Wade JS. The hyperfunctioning intrathyroidal parathyroid gland: a potential pitfall in parathyroid surgery. World J Surg. 1987;11(1):110–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Varela-Duran J. Intrathyroid salivary gland-type tissue in multinodular goiter. Virchows Arch. 1994;425(3):331–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Caillou B. Ductal metaplasia in chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis as a manifestation of phylogenic regression to an exocrine structure. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30(6):774–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sobrinho-Simoes M, Maximo V, Castro IV, Fonseca E, Soares P, Garcia-Rostan G, et al. Hurthle (oncocytic) cell tumors of thyroid: etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical significance. Int J Surg Pathol. 2005;13(1):29–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Narayana Moorthy S, Arcot R. Thyroglossal duct cyst-more than just an embryological remnant. Indian J Surg. 2011;73(1):28–31.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Balalaa N, Megahed M, Ashari MA, Branicki F. Thyroglossal duct cyst papillary carcinoma. Case Rep Oncol. 2011;4(1):39–43.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Hossain MS, Touhid MD, Bhuiyan JH. Sistrunk’s operation for the treatment of thyroglossal cyst. Mymensingh Med J. 2010;19(4):565–8.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Rosai and Ackerman’s Surgical Pathology - 1 Volume, 10th Edition; 2011, page 488–538, Chapter 9.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Finkle HI, Goldman RL. Heterotopic cartilage in the thyroid. Arch Pathol. 1973;95(1):48–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kantelip B, Lusson JR, De Riberolles C, Lamaison D, Bailly P. Intracardiac ectopic thyroid. Hum Pathol. 1986;17(12):1293–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Osammor JY, Bulman CH, Blewitt RW. Intralaryngotracheal thyroid. J Laryngol Otol. 1990;104(9):733–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ruchti C, Balli-Antunes M, Gerber HA. Follicular tumor in the sellar region without primary cancer of the thyroid. Heterotopic carcinoma? Am J Clin Pathol. 1987;87(6):776–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Takahashi T, Ishikura H, Kato H, Tanabe T, Yoshiki T. Ectopic thyroid follicles in the submucosa of the duodenum. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1991;418(6):547–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Sekine S, Nagata M, Hamada H, Watanabe T. Heterotopic thyroid tissue at the porta hepatis in a fetus with trisomy 18. Virchows Arch. 2000;436(5):498–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Shiraishi T, Imai H, Fukutome K, Watanabe M, Yatani R. Ectopic thyroid in the adrenal gland. Hum Pathol. 1999;30(1):105–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Baughman RA. Lingual thyroid and lingual thyroglossal tract remnants. A clinical and histopathologic study with review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1972;34(5):781–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. León X, Sancho FJ, García J, Sañudo JR, Orús C, Quer M. Incidence and significance of clinically unsuspected thyroid tissue in lymph nodes found during neck dissection in head and neck carcinoma patients. Laryngoscope. 2005;115(3):470–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Shimizu M, Hirokawa M, Manabe T. Parasitic nodule of the thyroid in a patient with Graves’ disease. Virchows Arch. 1999;434(3):241–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mojica WD, Khoury T. Presence of the BRAF V600E point mutation in morphologically benign appearing thyroid inclusions of cervical lymph nodes. Endocr Pathol. 2006;17(2):183–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Wozencraft P. Occult carcinomas of the thyroid. Their bearing on the concept of lateral aberrant thyroid cancer. Cancer. 1948;1(4):574–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Young RH, Jackson A, Wells M. Ovarian metastasis from thyroid carcinoma 12 years after partial thyroidectomy mimicking struma ovarii: report of a case. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1994;13(2):181–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Celestino R, Magalhaes J, Castro P, Triller M, Vinagre J, Soares P, et al. A follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma in struma ovarii. Case report with unique molecular alterations. Histopathology. 2009;55(4):482–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cabizuca CA, Bulzico DA, de Almeida MH, Conceicao FL, Vaisman M. Acute thyroiditis due to septic emboli derived from infective endocarditis. Postgrad Med J. 2008;84(994):445–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Yung BC, Loke TK, Fan WC, Chan JC. Acute suppurative thyroiditis due to foreign body-induced retropharyngeal abscess presented as thyrotoxicosis. Clin Nucl Med. 2000;25(4):249–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Paes JE, Burman KD, Cohen J, Franklyn J, McHenry CR, Shoham S, et al. Acute bacterial suppurative thyroiditis: a clinical review and expert opinion. Thyroid. 2010;20(3):247–55.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Guttler R, Singer PA, Axline SG, Greaves TS, McGill JJ. Pneumocystis carinii thyroiditis. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153(3):393–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hagan AD, Goffinet J, Davis JW. Acute streptococcal thyroiditis. JAMA. 1967;202(8):842–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Desailloud R, Hober D. Viruses and thyroiditis: an update. Virol J. 2009;6:5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Tien KJ, Chen TC, Hsieh MC, Hsu SC, Hsiao JY, Shin SJ, et al. Acute suppurative thyroiditis with deep neck infection: a case report. Thyroid. 2007;17(5):467–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Masuoka H, Miyauchi A, Tomoda C, Inoue H, Takamura Y, Ito Y, et al. Imaging studies in sixty patients with acute suppurative thyroiditis. Thyroid. 2011;21(10):1075–80.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Lin JD, Huang BY, Huang HS, Juang JH, Jeng LB. Ultrasonography and fine needle aspiration cytology of acute suppurative thyroiditis. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1993;16(2):93–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. da Fonseca IF, Avvad CK, Sanchez EG, Henriques JL, Leao LM. Acute suppurative thyroiditis with multiple complications. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2012;56(6):388–92.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Park NH, Park HJ, Park CS, Kim MS, Park SI. The emerging echogenic tract sign of pyriform sinus fistula: an early indicator in the recovery stage of acute suppurative thyroiditis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32(3):E44–6.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Chang M, Khoo JB, Tan HK. Reversible recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in acute thyroiditis. Singap Med J. 2012;53(5):e101–3.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kabalak T, Ozgen AG. Familial occurrence of subacute thyroiditis. Endocr J. 2002;49(2):207–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Cunha BA, Berbari N. Subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain’s) due to influenza A: presenting as fever of unknown origin (FUO). Heart Lung. 2013;42(1):77–8.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Kubota S, Nishihara E, Kudo T, Ito M, Amino N, Miyauchi A. Initial treatment with 15 mg of prednisolone daily is sufficient for most patients with subacute thyroiditis in Japan. Thyroid. 2013;23(3):269–72. doi: 10.1089/thy.2012.0459.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Cordray JP, Nys P, Merceron RE, Augusti A. Frequency of hypothyroidism after De Quervain thyroiditis and contribution of ultrasonographic thyroid volume measurement. Ann Med Internet (Paris). 2001;152(2):84–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Soppi E. Concurrent subacute thyroiditis and Graves disease. Duodecim. 2012;128(17):1808–10.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Mousa U, Cuneyd A, Alptekin G. Should neck pain in a patient with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis be underestimated? A case and review of the literature. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(3):444–6.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Das SK, Bairagya TD, Bhattacharya S, Barman DC. Tuberculosis of the thyroid gland. Indian J Lepr. 2012;84(2):151–4.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Manchanda A, Patel S, Jiang J, Babu A. Thyroid: an unusual hideout for sarcoidosis. Endocr Pract. 2013;19(2):e40–3. doi: 10.4158/EP12131.CR.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ludvikova M, Ryska A, Dvorakova E. Focal sarcoid-like change of the thyroid gland. A possible consequence of aspiration cytology? Pathol Res Pract. 2002;198(7):479–82; discussion 83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Schuerwegh AJ, Verhelst J, Slabbynck H, Kockx MM, Coolen D. Wegener’s granulomatosis presenting as a thyroid mass. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26(3):454–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Mai VQ, Glister BC, Clyde PW, Shakir KM. Palpation thyroiditis causing new-onset atrial fibrillation. Thyroid. 2008;18(5):571–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Simkus A. Thyroid tuberculosis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2004;40(3):201–4.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Bahgat M, Bahgat Y, Bahgat A, Aly S. Acute tuberculous abscess of the thyroid gland. BMJ Case Rep. 2012;2012.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Hanemann C, Patel M, Palacios E, Neitzschman H. Sarcoidosis of the thyroid gland and spinal canal: unique localizations. J La State Med Soc. 2012;164(5):256, 8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Aichinger G, Fill H, Wick G. In situ immune complexes, lymphocyte subpopulations, and HLA-DR-positive epithelial cells in Hashimoto thyroiditis. Lab Invest. 1985;52(2):132–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ahmed R, Al-Shaikh S, Akhtar M. Hashimoto thyroiditis: a century later. Adv Anat Pathol. 2012;19(3):181–6.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kurashima C, Hirokawa K. Focal lymphocytic infiltration in thyroids of elderly people. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies. Surv Synth Pathol Res. 1985;4(5–6):457–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Pisanu A, Piu S, Cois A, Uccheddu A. Coexisting Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with differentiated thyroid cancer and benign thyroid diseases: indications for thyroidectomy. Chir Ital. 2003;55(3):365–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Carter E, Ulusarac O. Lymphoepithelial cysts of the thyroid gland. A case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003;127(4):e205–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Albores-Saavedra J, Wu J. The many faces and mimics of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Pathol. 2006;17(1):1–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kakudo K, Li Y, Hirokawa M, Ozaki T. Diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and IgG4-related sclerosing disease. Pathol Int. 2011;61(4):175–83.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Li Y, Bai Y, Liu Z, Ozaki T, Taniguchi E, Mori I, et al. Immunohistochemistry of IgG4 can help subclassify Hashimoto’s autoimmune thyroiditis. Pathol Int. 2009;59(9):636–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Wang L, Xia Y, Jiang YX, Dai Q, Li XY. Likelihood ratio-based differentiation of nodular hashimoto thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinoma in patients with sonographically evident diffuse hashimoto thyroiditis: preliminary study. J Ultrasound Med. 2012;31(11):1767–75.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Hsi ED, Singleton TP, Svoboda SM, Schnitzer B, Ross CW. Characterization of the lymphoid infiltrate in Hashimoto thyroiditis by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction for immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement. Am J Clin Pathol. 1998;110(3):327–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Papi G, LiVolsi VA. Current concepts on Riedel thyroiditis. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004;121(Suppl):S50–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Volante M, Collini P, Nikiforov YE, Sakamoto A, Kakudo K, Katoh R, et al. Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: the Turin proposal for the use of uniform diagnostic criteria and an algorithmic diagnostic approach. Am J Surg Pathol. 2007;31(8):1256–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Rhoden KJ, Unger K, Salvatore G, Yilmaz Y, Vovk V, Chiappetta G, et al. RET/papillary thyroid cancer rearrangement in nonneoplastic thyrocytes: follicular cells of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis share low-level recombination events with a subset of papillary carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(6):2414–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Orgiazzi J. Thyroid autoimmunity. Press Med. 2012;41(12 P 2):e611–25.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Zimmerman D, Gan-Gaisano M. Hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin N Am. 1990;37(6):1273–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Brent GA. Clinical practice. Graves’ disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2594–605.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Cruz AA, Ribeiro SF, Garcia DM, Akaishi PM, Pinto CT. Graves upper eyelid retraction. Surv Ophthalmol. 2013;58(1):63–76.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Bahn RS, Heufelder AE. Pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(20):1468–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Margolick JB, Hsu SM, Volkman DJ, Burman KD, Fauci AS. Immunohistochemical characterization of intrathyroid lymphocytes in Graves’ disease. Interstitial and intraepithelial populations. Am J Med. 1984;76(5):815–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Pazaitou-Panayiotou K, Michalakis K, Paschke R. Thyroid cancer in patients with hyperthyroidism. Horm Metab Res. 2012;44(4):255–62.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Akamizu T, Satoh T, Isozaki O, Suzuki A, Wakino S, Iburi T, et al. Diagnostic criteria, clinical features, and incidence of thyroid storm based on nationwide surveys. Thyroid. 2012;22(7):661–79.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Bhatti RM, Stelow EB. IgG4-related disease of the head and neck. Adv Anat Pathol. 2013;20(1):10–6.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Dahlgren M, Khosroshahi A, Nielsen GP, Deshpande V, Stone JH. Riedel’s thyroiditis and multifocal fibrosclerosis are part of the IgG4-related systemic disease spectrum. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62(9):1312–8.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Hay ID. Thyroiditis: a clinical update. Mayo Clin Proc. 1985;60(12):836–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. McIver B, Fatourechi MM, Hay ID, Fatourechi V. Graves’ disease after unilateral Riedel’s thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(6):2525–6.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Julie C, Vieillefond A, Desligneres S, Schaison G, Grunfeld JP, Franc B. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis associated with Riedel’s thyroiditis and retroperitoneal fibrosis. Pathol Res Pract. 1997;193(8):573–7; discussion 8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Poli F, Trezzi R, Fellegara G, Rosai J. Images in pathology. Multifocal sclerosing thyroiditis. Int J Surg Pathol. 2009;17(2):144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Shimizu M, Hirokawa M, Manabe T, Shimozuma K, Sonoo H, Harada T. Lithium associated autoimmune thyroiditis. J Clin Pathol. 1997;50(2):172–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Kuiper JJ. Lymphocytic thyroiditis possibly induced by diphenylhydantoin. JAMA. 1969;210(13):2370–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Claxton S, Sinha SN, Donovan S, Greenaway TM, Hoffman L, Loughhead M, et al. Refractory amiodarone-associated thyrotoxicosis: an indication for thyroidectomy. Aust N Z J Surg. 2000;70(3):174–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Alexander CB, Herrera GA, Jaffe K, Yu H. Black thyroid: clinical manifestations, ultrastructural findings, and possible mechanisms. Hum Pathol. 1985;16(1):72–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Holten I. Acute response of the thyroid to external radiation. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand Suppl. 1983;283:1–111.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Droese M, Kempken K, Schneider ML, Hor G. Cytologic changes in aspiration biopsy smears from various conditions of the thyroid treated with radioiodine (author’s transl). Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol. 1973;57:336–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Kennedy JS, Thomson JA. The changes in the thyroid gland after irradiation with 131I or partial thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis. J Pathol. 1974;112(2):65–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Lindsay S, Dailey ME, Jones MD. Histologic effects of various types of ionizing radiation on normal and hyperplastic human thyroid glands. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1954;14(10):1179–218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Piana S, Riganti F, Froio E, Andrioli M, Pacella CM, Valcavi R. Pathological findings of thyroid nodules after percutaneous laser ablation : a series of 22 cases with cyto-histological correlation. Endocr Pathol. 2012;23(2):94–100.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Lee FY, Jan YJ, Chou G, Wang J, Wang CC. Thyroid involvement in Rosai-Dorfman disease. Thyroid. 2007;17(5):471–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Ghossein RA, Rosai J, Heffess C. Dyshormonogenetic goiter: a clinicopathologic study of 56 cases. Endocr Pathol. 1997;8(4):283–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Kopp P, van Sande J, Parma J, Duprez L, Gerber H, Joss E, et al. Brief report: congenital hyperthyroidism caused by a mutation in the thyrotropin-receptor gene. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(3):150–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Park SM, Chatterjee VK. Genetics of congenital hypothyroidism. J Med Genet. 2005;42(5):379–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Medeiros-Neto G, Gil-Da-Costa MJ, Santos CL, Medina AM, Silva JC, Tsou RM, et al. Metastatic thyroid carcinoma arising from congenital goiter due to mutation in the thyroperoxidase gene. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(11):4162–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Sapino A, Papotti M, Macri L, Satolli MA, Bussolati G. Intranodular reactive endothelial hyperplasia in adenomatous goitre. Histopathology. 1995;26(5):457–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Troncone G, Iaccarino A, Russo M, Palmieri EA, Volante M, Papotti M, et al. Accumulation of p27(kip1) is associated with cyclin D3 overexpression in the oxyphilic (Hurthle cell) variant of follicular thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Pathol. 2007;60(4):377–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Pinto A, Nose V. Localized amyloid in thyroid: are we missing it? Adv Anat Pathol. 2013;20(1):61–7.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Villa F, Dionigi G, Tanda ML, Rovera F, Boni L. Amyloid goiter. Int J Surg. 2008;6 Suppl 1:S16–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Ge Y, Luna MA, Cowan DF, Truong LD, Ayala AG. Thyrolipoma and thyrolipomatosis: 5 case reports and historical review of the literature. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2009;13(6):384–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Pradeep PV, Kumar R, Ragavan M, Ramakrishna BA. Diffuse lipomatosis of thyroid with hyperthyroidism. J Postgrad Med. 2010;56(1):35–6.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Fontenot JW, Levine SN, Adegboyega PA, Cotelingam JD. Plasma cell granuloma of the thyroid: report of case and review of literature. Endocr Pract. 2008;14(5):611–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Yapp R, Linder J, Schenken JR, Karrer FW. Plasma cell granuloma of the thyroid. Hum Pathol. 1985;16(8):848–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Cremonini A, Ponzoni M, Beretta E, Mari G, Cangi MG, Arrigoni G, et al. Plasma cell granuloma of the thyroid gland: a challenging diagnostic problem. Int J Surg Pathol. 2012;20(5):500–6.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Silverberg SG, Vidone RA. Adenoma and carcinoma of the thyroid. Cancer. 1966;19(8):1053–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Bisi H, Fernandes VS, de Camargo RY, Koch L, Abdo AH, de Brito T. The prevalence of unsuspected thyroid pathology in 300 sequential autopsies, with special reference to the incidental carcinoma. Cancer. 1989;64(9):1888–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Williams ED. Guest editorial: Two proposals regarding the terminology of thyroid tumors. Int J Surg Pathol. 2000;8(3):181–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Foroughi F, Saadat N, Salehian MT. Encapsulated insular carcinoma of the thyroid arising in graves’ disease: report of a case and review of the literature. Int J Surg Pathol. 2012;20(6):636–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Boaventura P, Pereira D, Celestino R, Mendes A, Nakasawa T, Teixeira-Gomes J, et al. Genetic alterations in thyroid tumors from patients irradiated in childhood for tinea capitis treatment. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169(5):673–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Carney JA, Ryan J, Goellner JR. Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma of the thyroid gland. Am J Surg Pathol. 1987;11(8):583–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Chetty R, Beydoun R, LiVolsi VA. Paraganglioma-like (hyalinizing trabecular) adenoma of the thyroid revisited. Pathology. 1994;26(4):429–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Papotti M, Riella P, Montemurro F, Pietribiasi F, Bussolati G. Immunophenotypic heterogeneity of hyalinizing trabecular tumors of the thyroid. Histopathology. 1997;31(6):525–33.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Chan JK, Tse CC, Chiu HS. Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma-like lesion in multinodular goitre. Histopathology. 1990;16(6):611–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Galgano MT, Mills SE, Stelow EB. Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma of the thyroid revisited: a histologic and immunohistochemical study of thyroid lesions with prominent trabecular architecture and sclerosis. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30(10):1269–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Katoh R, Jasani B, Williams ED. Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma of the thyroid. A report of three cases with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Histopathology. 1989;15(3):211–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Del Sordo R, Sidoni A. MIB-1 Cell membrane reactivity: a finding that should be interpreted carefully. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2008;16(6):568.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Fonseca E, Nesland JM, Sobrinho-Simoes M. Expression of stratified epithelial-type cytokeratins in hyalinizing trabecular adenomas supports their relationship with papillary carcinomas of the thyroid. Histopathology. 1997;31(4):330–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Cheung CC, Boerner SL, MacMillan CM, Ramyar L, Asa SL. Hyalinizing trabecular tumor of the thyroid: a variant of papillary carcinoma proved by molecular genetics. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24(12):1622–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Carney JA, Hirokawa M, Lloyd RV, Papotti M, Sebo TJ. Hyalinizing trabecular tumors of the thyroid gland are almost all benign. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008;32(12):1877–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Sambade C, Fransilla K, Camesselle-Tejero J, Nesland J, Sobrino-Simoes M. Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma: a misnomer for a peculiar tumor of the thyroid gland. Endocr Pathol. 1991;2:83–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Rothenberg HJ, Goellner JR, Carney JA. Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma of the thyroid gland: recognition and characterization of its cytoplasmic yellow body. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23(1):118–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Nose V. Familial thyroid cancer: a review. Mod Pathol. 2011;24 Suppl 2:S19–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Chen JH, Faquin WC, Lloyd RV, Nose V. Clinicopathological and molecular characterization of nine cases of columnar cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2011;24(5):739–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Laury AR, Bongiovanni M, Tille JC, Kozakewich H, Nose V. Thyroid pathology in PTEN-hamartoma tumor syndrome: characteristic findings of a distinct entity. Thyroid. 2011;21(2):135–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Johannessen JV, Sobrinho-Simões M, Finseth I, Pilström L. Papillary carcinomas of the thyroid have pore-deficient nuclei. Int J Cancer. 1982;30(4):409–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Sobrinho-Simões MA, Goncalves V. Nuclear bodies in papillary carcinomas of the human thyroid gland. Arch Pathol. 1974;98(2):94–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Sobrinho-Simões MA, Gonçalves V, Sousa-Lé F, Cardoso V. A morphometric study of nuclei, nucleoli and nuclear bodies in goiters and papillary thyroid carcinomas. Experientia. 1977;33(12):1642–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Albores-Saavedra J, Gould E, Vardaman C, Vuitch F. The macrofollicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a study of 17 cases. Hum Pathol. 1991;22(12):1195–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Asioli S, Erickson LA, Sebo TJ, Zhang J, Jin L, Thompson GB, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma with prominent hobnail features: a new aggressive variant of moderately differentiated papillary carcinoma. A clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular study of eight cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34(1):44–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Ivanova R, Soares P, Castro P, Sobrinho-Simoes M. Diffuse (or multinodular) follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of ten cases of an aggressive form of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Virchows Arch. 2002;440(4):418–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Rosai J, LiVolsi VA, Sobrinho-Simoes M, Williams ED. Renaming papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid gland: the Porto proposal. Int J Surg Pathol. 2003;11(4):249–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Maximo V, Sobrinho-Simoes M. Hurthle cell tumors of the thyroid. A review with emphasis on mitochondrial abnormalities with clinical relevance. Virchows Arch. 2000;437(2):107–15.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Ghossein R, Livolsi VA. Papillary thyroid carcinoma tall cell variant. Thyroid. 2008;18(11):1179–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Sobrinho-Simoes M, Nesland JM, Johannessen JV. Columnar-cell carcinoma. Another variant of poorly differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid. Am J Clin Pathol. 1988;89(2):264–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Menasce LP, Yap BK, Colaco RJ, Castro P, Celestino R, et al. Cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: molecular characterization of a case with neuroendocrine differentiation and aggressive behavior. Am J Clin Pathol. 2009;131(1):134–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Nakazawa T, Celestino R, Machado JC, Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Vinagre J, Eloy C, et al. Cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma displaying poorly differentiated features. Int J Surg Pathol. 2013;21(4):379–89.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Gilliland FD, Hunt WC, Morris DM, Key CR. Prognostic factors for thyroid carcinoma. A population-based study of 15,698 cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program 1973–1991. Cancer. 1997;79(3):564–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Voutilainen PE, Siironen P, Franssila KO, Sivula A, Haapiainen RK, Haglund CH. AMES, MACIS and TNM prognostic classifications in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2003;23(5b):4283–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Akslen LA, LiVolsi VA. Prognostic significance of histologic grading compared with subclassification of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;88(8):1902–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Dominguez-Malagon H, Delgado-Chavez R, Torres-Najera M, Gould E, Albores-Saavedra J. Oxyphil and squamous variants of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer. 1989;63(6):1183–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Ferreira R, Carames N, Abdulkader I, Maximo V, Soares P, et al. Absence of the BRAF and the GRIM-19 mutations in oncocytic (Hurthle cell) solid cell nests of the thyroid. Am J Clin Pathol. 2012;137(4):612–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Soares P, Berx G, van Roy F, Sobrinho-Simoes M. E-cadherin gene alterations are rare events in thyroid tumors. Int J Cancer J Int Cancer. 1997;70(1):32–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Castro P, Rebocho AP, Soares RJ, Magalhaes J, Roque L, Trovisco V, et al. PAX8-PPARgamma rearrangement is frequently detected in the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(1):213–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Trovisco V, Soares P, Soares R, Magalhaes J, Sa-Couto P, Sobrinho-Simoes M. A new BRAF gene mutation detected in a case of a solid variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2005;36(6):694–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Ciampi R, Knauf JA, Kerler R, Gandhi M, Zhu Z, Nikiforova MN, et al. Oncogenic AKAP9-BRAF fusion is a novel mechanism of MAPK pathway activation in thyroid cancer. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(1):94–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Sobrinho-Simoes M, Maximo V, Rocha AS, Trovisco V, Castro P, Preto A, et al. Intragenic mutations in thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2008;37(2):333–62, viii.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Ricarte-Filho JC, Ryder M, Chitale DA, Rivera M, Heguy A, Ladanyi M, et al. Mutational profile of advanced primary and metastatic radioactive iodine-refractory thyroid cancers reveals distinct pathogenetic roles for BRAF, PIK3CA, and AKT1. Cancer Res. 2009;69(11):4885–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  146. Vinagre J, Almeida A, Populo H, Batista R, Lyra J, Pinto V, et al. Frequency of TERT promoter mutations in human cancers. Nat Commun. 2013;4:2185.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Melo M, Rocha AG, Vinagre J, Batista R, Peixoto J, Tavares C, et al. TERT promoter mutations are a major indicator of poor outcome in differentiated thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:E754–65. jc20133734.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  148. Nikiforov YE, Rowland JM, Bove KE, Monforte-Munoz H, Fagin JA. Distinct pattern of ret oncogene rearrangements in morphological variants of radiation-induced and sporadic thyroid papillary carcinomas in children. Cancer Res. 1997;57(9):1690–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Klugbauer S, Lengfelder E, Demidchik EP, Rabes HM. High prevalence of RET rearrangement in thyroid tumors of children from Belarus after the Chernobyl reactor accident. Oncogene. 1995;11(12):2459–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Maximo V, Lima J, Prazeres H, Soares P, Sobrinho-Simoes M. The biology and the genetics of Hurthle cell tumors of the thyroid. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2012;19(4):R131–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Maximo V, Botelho T, Capela J, Soares P, Lima J, Taveira A, et al. Somatic and germline mutation in GRIM-19, a dual function gene involved in mitochondrial metabolism and cell death, is linked to mitochondrion-rich (Hurthle cell) tumors of the thyroid. Br J Cancer. 2005;92(10):1892–8.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Eloy C, Santos J, Soares P, Sobrinho-Simoes M. The preeminence of growth pattern and invasiveness and the limited influence of BRAF and RAS mutations in the occurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma lymph node metastases. Virchows Arch. 2011;459(3):265–76.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Sobrinho-Simoes M, Eloy C, Magalhaes J, Lobo C, Amaro T. Follicular thyroid carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2011;24 Suppl 2:S10–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Pardal F, Eloy C, Ruiz-Ponte C, Celestino R, Castro P, et al. Follicular thyroid carcinoma with an unusual glomeruloid pattern of growth. Hum Pathol. 2008;39(10):1540–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Sobrinho-Simoes M, Eloy C, Magalhaes J, Lobo C, Amaro T. Follicular thyroid carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2011;24(Suppl 2):S10–8.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Sobrinho-Simoes M, Preto A, Rocha AS, Castro P, Maximo V, Fonseca E, et al. Molecular pathology of well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Virchows Arch. 2005;447(5):787–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. de Vries MM, Celestino R, Castro P, Eloy C, Maximo V, van der Wal JE, et al. RET/PTC rearrangement is prevalent in follicular Hurthle cell carcinomas. Histopathology. 2012;61(5):833–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Nakazawa T, Celestino R, Machado JC, Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Vinagre J, Eloy C, et al. Cribriform-morular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma displaying poorly differentiated features. Int J Surg Pathol. 2013;21(4):379–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Soares P, Lima J, Preto A, Castro P, Vinagre J, Celestino R, et al. Genetic alterations in poorly differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas. Curr Genomics. 2011;12(8):609–17.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Soares P, Trovisco V, Rocha AS, Feijao T, Rebocho AP, Fonseca E, et al. BRAF mutations typical of papillary thyroid carcinoma are more frequently detected in undifferentiated than in insular and insular-like poorly differentiated carcinomas. Virchows Arch. 2004;444(6):572–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Nikiforova MN, Kimura ET, Gandhi M, Biddinger PW, Knauf JA, Basolo F, et al. BRAF mutations in thyroid tumors are restricted to papillary carcinomas and anaplastic or poorly differentiated carcinomas arising from papillary carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(11):5399–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Volante M, Rapa I, Gandhi M, Bussolati G, Giachino D, Papotti M, et al. RAS mutations are the predominant molecular alteration in poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas and bear prognostic impact. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(12):4735–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Bishop JA, Sharma R, Westra WH. PAX8 immunostaining of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: a reliable means of discerning thyroid origin for undifferentiated tumors of the head and neck. Hum Pathol. 2011;42(12):1873–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Quiros RM, Ding HG, Gattuso P, Prinz RA, Xu X. Evidence that one subset of anaplastic thyroid carcinomas are derived from papillary carcinomas due to BRAF and p53 mutations. Cancer. 2005;103(11):2261–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Liu Z, Hou P, Ji M, Guan H, Studeman K, Jensen K, et al. Highly prevalent genetic alterations in receptor tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in anaplastic and follicular thyroid cancers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(8):3106–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Uribe M, Fenoglio-Preiser CM, Grimes M, Feind C. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical features with review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol. 1985;9(8):577–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Beressi N, Campos JM, Beressi JP, Franc B, Niccoli-Sire P, Conte-Devolx B, et al. Sporadic medullary microcarcinoma of the thyroid: a retrospective analysis of eighty cases. Thyroid. 1998;8(11):1039–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Moura MM, Cavaco BM, Pinto AE, Leite V. High prevalence of RAS mutations in RET-negative sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(5):E863–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Prazeres H, Torres J, Rodrigues F, Couto JP, Vinagre J, Sobrinho-Simoes M, et al. How to treat a signal? Current basis for RET-genotype-oriented choice of kinase inhibitors for the treatment of medullary thyroid cancer. J Thyroid Res. 2011;2011:678357.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Beach DF, Klump WJ, Haddad G, Reid LM, Schwarting R, Hageboutros A. Extrapulmonary small cell: a novel case of small cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Med Oncol. 2012;29(3):1405–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Yamazaki M, Fujii S, Daiko H, Hayashi R, Ochiai A. Carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) with neuroendocrine differentiation. Pathol Int. 2008;58(12):775–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Sahoo M, Bal CS, Bhatnagar D. Primary squamous-cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: new evidence in support of follicular epithelial cell origin. Diagn Cytopathol. 2002;27(4):227–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Rausch T, Benhattar J, Sutter M, Andrejevic-Blant S. Thyroid carcinoma with papillary and squamous features: report of a case with histogenetic considerations. Pathol Res Pract. 2010;206(4):263–9.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Saito K, Kuratomi Y, Yamamoto K, Saito T, Kuzuya T, Yoshida S, et al. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid associated with marked leukocytosis and hypercalcemia. Cancer. 1981;48(9):2080–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Bronner MP, LiVolsi VA. Spindle cell squamous carcinoma of the thyroid: an unusual anaplastic tumor associated with tall cell papillary cancer. Mod Pathol. 1991;4(5):637–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Ko YS, Hwang TS, Han HS, Lim SD, Kim WS, Oh SY. Primary pure squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid: report and histogenic consideration of a case involving a BRAF mutation. Pathol Int. 2012;62(1):43–8.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Fassan M, Pennelli G, Pelizzo MR, Rugge M. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid: immunohistochemical profile and literature review. Tumori. 2007;93(5):518–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Tunio MA, Al Asiri M, Fagih M, Akasha R. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of thyroid: a case report and review of literature. Head Neck Oncol. 2012;27;4:8. doi: 10.1186/1758-3284-4-8.

  179. Cook AM, Vini L, Harmer C. Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid: outcome of treatment in 16 patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1999;25(6):606–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Kleer CG, Giordano TJ, Merino MJ. Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid: an aggressive tumor associated with tall cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2000;13(7):742–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Wenig BM, Adair CF, Heffess CS. Primary mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thyroid gland: a report of six cases and a review of the literature of a follicular epithelial-derived tumor. Hum Pathol. 1995;26(10):1099–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Preto A, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Moldes-Boullosa J, Soares P, Cameselle-Teijeiro JF, Silva P, et al. Telomerase expression and proliferative activity suggest a stem cell role for thyroid solid cell nests. Mod Pathol. 2004;17(7):819–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Prichard RS, Lee JC, Gill AJ, Sywak MS, Fingleton L, Robinson BG, et al. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thyroid: a report of three cases and postulated histogenesis. Thyroid. 2012;22(2):205–9.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Febles-Perez C, Sobrinho-Simoes M. Papillary and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thyroid with anaplastic transformation: a case report with histologic and immunohistochemical findings that support a provocative histogenetic hypothesis. Pathol Res Pract. 1995;191(12):1214–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Sobrinho-Simoes M. Cytomorphologic features of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thyroid. Am J Clin Pathol. 1999;111(1):134–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Rocha AS, Soares P, Machado JC, Maximo V, Fonseca E, Franssila K, et al. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thyroid: a tumor histotype characterised by P-cadherin neoexpression and marked abnormalities of E-cadherin/catenins complex. Virchows Arch. 2002;440(5):498–504.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Chan JK, Albores-Saavedra J, Battifora H, Carcangiu ML, Rosai J. Sclerosing mucoepidermoid thyroid carcinoma with eosinophilia. A distinctive low-grade malignancy arising from the metaplastic follicles of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Am J Surg Pathol. 1991;15(5):438–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Abdulkader I, Perez-Becerra R, Vazquez-Boquete A, Alberte-Lista L, Ruiz-Ponte C, et al. BRAF mutation in solid cell nest hyperplasia associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma. A precursor lesion? Hum Pathol. 2009;40(7):1029–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Bondeson L, Bondeson AG, Thompson NW. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid with mucoepidermoid features. Am J Clin Pathol. 1991;95(2):175–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Hunt JL, LiVolsi VA, Barnes EL. p63 expression in sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinomas with eosinophilia arising in the thyroid. Mod Pathol. 2004;17(5):526–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Baloch ZW, Solomon AC, LiVolsi VA. Primary mucoepidermoid carcinoma and sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia of the thyroid gland: a report of nine cases. Mod Pathol. 2000;13(7):802–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Solomon AC, Baloch ZW, Salhany KE, Mandel S, Weber RS, LiVolsi VA. Thyroid sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia: mimic of Hodgkin disease in nodal metastases. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124(3):446–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Sim SJ, Ro JY, Ordonez NG, Cleary KR, Ayala AG. Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia of the thyroid: report of two patients, one with distant metastasis, and review of the literature. Hum Pathol. 1997;28(9):1091–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Diaz-Perez R, Quiroz H, Nishiyama RH. Primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of thyroid gland. Cancer. 1976;38(3):1323–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Sobrinho-Simoes M, Stenwig AE, Nesland JM, Holm R, Johannessen JV. A mucinous carcinoma of the thyroid. Pathol Res Pract. 1986;181(4):464–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Sobrinho-Simoes MA, Nesland JM, Johannessen JV. A mucin-producing tumor in the thyroid gland. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1985;9(3–4):277–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Chan JK, Rosai J. Tumors of the neck showing thymic or related branchial pouch differentiation: a unifying concept. Hum Pathol. 1991;22(4):349–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Eloy C, Vinagre J, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Paiva ME, Soares P, Sobrinho-Simoes M. Tumor-in-tumor of the thyroid with basaloid differentiation: a lesion with a solid cell nest neoplastic component? Int J Surg Pathol. 2011;19(2):276–80. doi: 10.1177/1066896910393506. Epub 2011 Jan 6.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Fetsch JF, Weiss SW. Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma: clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and histogenetic considerations in four new cases. Hum Pathol. 1990;21(6):662–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Kushida Y, Haba R, Kobayashi S, Ishikawa M, Doi T, Kadota K. Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma: a case report with immunohistochemical study and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol. 2006;33(5):369–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Michal M, Neubauer L, Fakan F. Carcinoma arising in ectopic hamartomatous thymoma. An ultrastructural study. Pathol Res Pract. 1996;192(6):610–8; discussion 9–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Tomaru U, Yamada Y, Ishizu A, Kuroda T, Matsuno Y, Kasahara M. Proteasome subunit beta5t expression in cervical ectopic thymoma. J Clin Pathol. 2012;65(9):858–9.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Juarbe C, Conley JJ, Gillooley JF, Angel MF. Metastatic cervical thymoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1989;100(3):232–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Kinoshita T, Yoshida J, Ishii G, Aokage K, Hishida T, Nagai K. Pulmonary metastasis from encapsulated cervical ectopic type a thymoma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;94(6):e141–2.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Llamas-Gutierrez FJ, Falcon-Escobedo R, De Anda-Gonzalez J, Angeles-Angeles A. Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation of the thyroid (SETTLE): Report of two cases (one associated with a parathyroid adenoma). Ann Diagn Pathol. 2013;17(2):217–21. doi: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2011.08.008. Epub 2011 Dec 7.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Cheuk W, Jacobson AA, Chan JK. Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation (SETTLE): a distinctive malignant thyroid neoplasm with significant metastatic potential. Mod Pathol. 2000;13(10):1150–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Abrosimov AY, LiVolsi VA. Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation (SETTLE) of the thyroid with neck lymph node metastasis: a case report. Endocr Pathol. 2005;16(2):139–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  208. Reimann JD, Dorfman DM, Nose V. Carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation of the thyroid (CASTLE): a comparative study: evidence of thymic differentiation and solid cell nest origin. Am J Surg Pathol. 2006;30(8):994–1001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Yerly S, Lobrinus JA, Bongiovanni M, Becker M, Zare M, Granger P, Pusztaszeri M. A carcinoma showing thymus-like elements of the thyroid arising in close association with solid cell nests: evidence for a precursor lesion? Thyroid. 2013;23(4):511–6. doi: 10.1089/thy.2011.0415. Epub 2013 Mar 18.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Chan LP, Chiang FY, Lee KW, Kuo WR. Carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) of thyroid: a case report and literature review. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2008;24(11):591–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  211. Veits L, Mechtersheimer G, Steger C, Freitag J, Mikuz G, Schmid KW, et al. Chromosomal imbalances in carcinoma showing thymus-like elements (CASTLE). Virchows Arch. 2011;459(2):221–6.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Youens KE, Bean SM, Dodd LG, Jones CK. Thyroid carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE): case report with cytomorphology and review of the literature. Diagn Cytopathol. 2011;39(3):204–9.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Cruz J, Eloy C, Aragues JM, Vinagre J, Sobrinho-Simoes M. Small-cell (basaloid) thyroid carcinoma: a neoplasm with a solid cell nest histogenesis? Int J Surg Pathol. 2011;19(5):620–6.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Eloy C, Oliveira M, Vieira J, Teixeira MR, Cruz J, Sobrinho-Simoes M. Carcinoma of the thyroid with ewing family tumor elements and favorable prognosis: report of a second case. Int J Surg Pathol. 2014;22(3):260–5. doi: 10.1177/1066896913486696. Epub 2013 May 1.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Nakamura Y, Miya A, Kobayashi K, Kakudo K. Clinicopathologic significance of intrathyroidal epithelial thymoma/carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation: a collaborative study with Member Institutes of The Japanese Society of Thyroid Surgery. Am J Clin Pathol. 2007;127(2):230–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  216. Roka S, Kornek G, Schuller J, Ortmann E, Feichtinger J, Armbruster C. Carcinoma showing thymic-like elements – a rare malignancy of the thyroid gland. Br J Surg. 2004;91(2):142–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Chan JM, Bilodeau E, Celin S, Nikiforov Y, Johnson JT. Ewing sarcoma of the thyroid: report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Head Neck. 2013;35(11):E346–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Eloy C, Cruz J, Vieira J, Teixeira MR, Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Sobrinho-Simoes M. Carcinoma of the thyroid with ewing family tumor elements: a tumor with unknown histogenesis. Int J Surg Pathol. 2014;22(6):579–81. doi: 10.1177/1066896913486697. Epub 2013 May 1.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Kumar M, Gupta P, Chaubey A. The thyroid: an extremely rare primary site of neuroblastoma. Hum Pathol. 2006;37(10):1357–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  220. Widder S, Pasieka JL. Primary thyroid lymphomas. Curr Treat Options in Oncol. 2004;5(4):307–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  221. Bacon CM, Diss TC, Ye H, Liu H, Goatly A, Hamoudi R, et al. Follicular lymphoma of the thyroid gland. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(1):22–34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  222. Guastafierro S, Falcone U, Celentano M, Ferrara MG, Sica A, Carbone A, et al. Primary mantle cell lymphoma of the thyroid. Leuk Res. 2010;34(4):548–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Kalinyak JE, Kong CS, McDougall IR. Burkitt’s lymphoma presenting as a rapidly growing thyroid mass. Thyroid. 2006;16(10):1053–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Wang SA, Rahemtullah A, Faquin WC, Roepke J, Harris NL, Hasserjian RP. Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the thyroid: a clinicopathologic study of five cases and review of the literature. Mod Pathol. 2005;18(12):1577–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  225. Koida S, Tsukasaki K, Tsuchiya T, Harasawa H, Fukushima T, Yamada Y, et al. Primary T-cell lymphoma of the thyroid gland with chemokine receptors of Th1 phenotype complicating autoimmune thyroiditis. Haematologica. 2007;92(3):e37–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Behrens RJ, Levi AW, Westra WH, Dutta D, Cooper DS. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the thyroid: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Thyroid. 2001;11(7):697–705.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Goldstein N, Layfield LJ. Thyromegaly secondary to simultaneous papillary carcinoma and histiocytosis X. Report of a case and review of the literature. Acta Cytol. 1991;35(4):422–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  228. Sahoo M, Karak AK, Bhatnagar D, Bal CS. Fine-needle aspiration cytology in a case of isolated involvement of thyroid with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Diagn Cytopathol. 1998;19(1):33–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Thompson LD, Wenig BM, Adair CF, Smith BC, Heffess CS. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the thyroid: a series of seven cases and a review of the literature. Mod Pathol. 1996;9(2):145–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Tanda F, Massarelli G, Bosincu L, Cossu A. Angiosarcoma of the thyroid: a light, electron microscopic and histoimmunological study. Hum Pathol. 1988;19(6):742–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  231. Egloff B. The hemangioendothelioma of the thyroid. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1983;400(2):119–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Pfaltz M, Hedinger C, Saremaslani P, Egloff B. Malignant hemangioendothelioma of the thyroid and factor VIII-related antigen. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1983;401(2):177–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Datta R, Venkatesh MD, Nilakantan A, Joseph B. Primary cavernous hemangioma of thyroid gland. J Postgrad Med. 2008;54(2):147–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Papotti M, Volante M, Negro F, Eusebi V, Bussolati G. Thyroglobulin mRNA expression helps to distinguish anaplastic carcinoma from angiosarcoma of the thyroid. Virchows Arch. 2000;437(6):635–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Hassan I, Barth P, Celik I, Hoffmann S, Langer P, Ramaswamy A, et al. An authentic malignant epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the thyroid: a case report and review of the literature. Thyroid. 2005;15(12):1377–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Hedinger C. Geographic pathology of thyroid diseases. Pathol Res Pract. 1981;171(3–4):285–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Maiorana A, Collina G, Cesinaro AM, Fano RA, Eusebi V. Epithelioid angiosarcoma of the thyroid. Clinicopathological analysis of seven cases from non-Alpine areas. Virchows Arch. 1996;429(2–3):131–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Eusebi V, Carcangiu ML, Dina R, Rosai J. Keratin-positive epithelioid angiosarcoma of thyroid. A report of four cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1990;14(8):737–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  239. Kumar R, Gupta R, Khullar S, Dasan B, Malhotra A. Thyroid hemangioma: a case report with a review of the literature. Clin Nucl Med. 2000;25(10):769–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Isa NM, James DT, Saw TH, Pennisi R, Gough I. Primary angiosarcoma of the thyroid gland with recurrence diagnosed by fine needle aspiration: a case report. Diagn Cytopathol. 2009;37(6):427–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Song Z, Yu C, Song X, Wei L, Liu A. Primary solitary fibrous tumor of the thyroid – report of a case and review of the literature. J Cancer. 2011;2:206–9.

    Google Scholar 

  242. Larsen SR, Godballe C, Krogdahl A. Solitary fibrous tumor arising in an intrathoracic goiter. Thyroid. 2010;20(4):435–7.

    Google Scholar 

  243. Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Varela-Duran J, Fonseca E, Villanueva JP, Sobrinho-Simoes M. Solitary fibrous tumor of the thyroid. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994;101(4):535–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Woodruff JD, Rauh JT, Markley RL. Ovarian struma. Obstet Gynecol. 1966;27(2):194–201.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  245. Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Manuel Lopes J, Villanueva JP, Gil-Gil P, Sobrinho-Simoes M. Lipomatous haemangiopericytoma (adipocytic variant of solitary fibrous tumor) of the thyroid. Histopathology. 2003;43(4):406–8.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Ning S, Song X, Xiang L, Chen Y, Cheng Y, Chen H. Malignant solitary fibrous tumor of the thyroid gland: report of a case and review of the literature. Diagn Cytopathol. 2011;39(9):694–9.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Thompson LD, Wenig BM, Adair CF, Shmookler BM, Heffess CS. Primary smooth muscle tumors of the thyroid gland. Cancer. 1997;79(3):579–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  248. Erkilic S, Erkilic A, Bayazit YA. Primary leiomyoma of the thyroid gland. J Laryngol Otol. 2003;117(10):832–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Andrion A, Bellis D, Delsedime L, Bussolati G, Mazzucco G. Leiomyoma and neurilemoma: report of two unusual non-epithelial tumors of the thyroid gland. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1988;413(4):367–72.

    Google Scholar 

  250. Bertelli AA, Massarollo LC, Volpi EM, Ueda RY, Barreto E. Thyroid gland primary leiomyosarcoma. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2010;54(3):326–30.

    Google Scholar 

  251. Tulbah A, Al-Dayel F, Fawaz I, Rosai J. Epstein-Barr virus-associated leiomyosarcoma of the thyroid in a child with congenital immunodeficiency: a case report. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23(4):473–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  252. Chetty R, Clark SP, Dowling JP. Leiomyosarcoma of the thyroid: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Pathology. 1993;25(2):203–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  253. An J, Oh YL, Shin JH, Jeong HS. Primary schwannoma of the thyroid gland: a case report. Acta Cytol. 2010;54(5 Suppl):857–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Thompson LD, Wenig BM, Adair CF, Heffess CS. Peripheral nerve sheath tumors of the thyroid gland: a series of four cases and a review of the literature. Endocr Pathol. 1996;7(4):309–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Bowry M, Almeida B, Jeannon JP. Granular cell tumor of the thyroid gland: a case report and review of the literature. Endocr Pathol. 2011;22(1):1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  256. Huang GW, Li YX, Hu ZL. Primary myxoid liposarcoma of the thyroid gland. J Clin Pathol. 2009;62(11):1037–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  257. Makis W, Novales-Diaz JA, Hickeson M. Primary thyroid osteosarcoma: staging and evaluation of response to therapy with F-18 FDG PET-CT. Clin Nucl Med. 2010;35(7):517–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. Abbas M, Ajrawi T, Tungekar MF. Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the thyroid – a rare tumor at an unusual site. APMIS Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand. 2004;112(6):384–9.

    Google Scholar 

  259. Furtado LV, Leventaki V, Layfield LJ, Lowichik A, Muntz HR, Pysher TJ. Yolk sac tumor of the thyroid gland: a case report. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2011;14(6):475–9.

    Google Scholar 

  260. Mattavelli F, Collini P, Pizzi N, Nicolai N, Pennacchioli E. Thyroid as a target of metastases: a case of metastatic seminoma in a patient who died of a second cancer. Tumori. 2009;95(1):91–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  261. Thompson LD, Rosai J, Heffess CS. Primary thyroid teratomas: a clinicopathologic study of 30 cases. Cancer. 2000;88(5):1149–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Vilallonga R, Zafon C, Ruiz-Marcellan C, Obiols G, Fort JM, Baena JA, et al. Malignant thyroid teratoma: report of an aggressive tumor in a 64-year-old man. Endocr Pathol. 2013;24(3):132–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Kim E, Bae TS, Kwon Y, Kim TH, Chung KW, Kim SW, et al. Primary malignant teratoma with a primitive neuroectodermal tumor component in thyroid gland: a case report. J Korean Med Sci. 2007;22(3):568–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  264. Nakhjavani MK, Gharib H, Goellner JR, van Heerden JA. Metastasis to the thyroid gland. A report of 43 cases. Cancer. 1997;79(3):574–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Cichon S, Anielski R, Konturek A, Barczynski M, Cichon W. Metastases to the thyroid gland: seventeen cases operated on in a single clinical center. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2006;391(6):581–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  266. Papi G, Fadda G, Corsello SM, Corrado S, Rossi ED, Radighieri E, et al. Metastases to the thyroid gland: prevalence, clinicopathological aspects and prognosis: a 10-year experience. Clin Endocrinol. 2007;66(4):565–71.

    Google Scholar 

  267. Tibaldi JM, Shapiro LE, Mahadevia PS. Thyroiditis mimicked by metastatic carcinoma to the thyroid. Mayo Clin Proc. 1986;61(5):399–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Lam KY, Lo CY. Metastatic tumors of the thyroid gland: a study of 79 cases in Chinese patients. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998;122(1):37–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Chiumento C, Fiorentino A, Castaldo G, Fusco V. A case of thyroid metastasis of nasopharyngeal cancer. Tumori. 2011;97(5):24e–6e.

    Google Scholar 

  270. Erdogan G, Cesur V, Unal M, Ortac F, Balci MK. Choriocarcinoma metastasis in the thyroid gland. Thyroid. 1994;4(3):301–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Giorgadze T, Ward RM, Baloch ZW, LiVolsi VA. Phyllodes tumor metastatic to thyroid Hurthle cell adenoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;126(10):1233–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  272. Stoll L, Mudali S, Ali SZ. Merkel cell carcinoma metastatic to the thyroid gland: aspiration findings and differential diagnosis. Diagn Cytopathol. 2010;38(10):754–7.

    Google Scholar 

  273. Green LK, Ro JY, Mackay B, Ayala AG, Luna MA. Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the thyroid. Cancer. 1989;63(9):1810–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Heffess CS, Wenig BM, Thompson LD. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the thyroid gland: a clinicopathologic study of 36 cases. Cancer. 2002;95(9):1869–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Yu J, Nikiforova MN, Hodak SP, Yim JH, Cai G, Walls A, et al. Tumor-to-tumor metastases to follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular studies of two unusual cases. Endocr Pathol. 2009;20(4):235–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  276. Stevens TM, Richards AT, Bewtra C, Sharma P. Tumors metastatic to thyroid neoplasms: a case report and review of the literature. Pathol Res Int. 2011;2011:238693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  277. McCabe DP, Farrar WB, Petkov TM, Finkelmeier W, O’Dwyer P, James A. Clinical and pathologic correlations in disease metastatic to the thyroid gland. Am J Surg. 1985;150(4):519–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Carlson D. Parathyroid pathology: hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010;134(11):1639–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Johnson SJ. Changing clinicopathological practice in parathyroid disease. Histopathology. 2010;56(7):835–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. van der Walt J. Pathology of the parathyroid glands. Diagn Histopathol. 2012;18:221–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  281. Zhang Y, Nose V. Endocrine tumors as part of inherited tumor syndromes. Adv Anat Pathol. 2011;18(3):206–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  282. Carling T. Molecular pathology of parathyroid tumors. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2001;12(2):53–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Bossola MTL, Ferrante A, Giungi S, Carbone A, Gui D, Luciani G. Parathyroid carcinoma in a chronic hemodialysis patient: case report and review of the literature. Tumori. 2005;91:558–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Delellis RA. Challenging lesions in the differential diagnosis of endocrine tumors: parathyroid carcinoma. Endocr Pathol. 2008;19(4):221–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Nacamuli R, Rumore GJ, Clark G. Parathyroid carcinosarcoma: a previously unreported entity. Am Surg. 2002;68(10):900–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Taggart JL, Summerlin DJ, Moore MG. Parathyroid carcinosarcoma: a rare form of parathyroid carcinoma with normal parathyroid hormone levels. Int J Surg Pathol. 2013;21(4):394–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  287. Alvelos MI, Vinagre J, Fonseca E, Barbosa E, Teixeira-Gomes J, Sobrinho-Simoes M, et al. MEN1 intragenic deletions may represent the most prevalent somatic event in sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;168(2):119–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  288. Alvelos MI, Mendes M, Soares P. Molecular alterations in sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism. Genet Res Int. 2011;2011:275802.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  289. Arvai K, Nagy K, Barti-Juhasz H, Petak I, Krenacs T, Micsik T, et al. Molecular profiling of parathyroid hyperplasia, adenoma and carcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res. 2012;18(3):607–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Sharretts JM, Simonds WF. Clinical and molecular genetics of parathyroid neoplasms. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;24(3):491–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  291. Cavaco BM, Santos R, Felix A, Carvalho D, Lopes JM, Domingues R, et al. Identification of de novo germline mutations in the HRPT2 gene in two apparently sporadic cases with challenging parathyroid tumor diagnoses. Endocr Pathol. 2011;22(1):44–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Erovic BM, Harris L, Jamali M, Goldstein DP, Irish JC, Asa SL, et al. Biomarkers of parathyroid carcinoma. Endocr Pathol. 2012;23(4):221–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Catarina Eloy MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Eloy, C., Soares, P., Máximo, V., Sobrinho-Simões, M. (2016). Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands. In: Cardesa, A., Slootweg, P., Gale, N., Franchi, A. (eds) Pathology of the Head and Neck. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49672-5_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49672-5_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-49670-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-49672-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics