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Horizontal and Vertical Restraints in Practice

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Handbook of EU Competition Law

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Abstract

Classic cartel agreements must be greeted with scepticism. They generally do not result in any positive effects for consumers and competition. In its Guidelines on horizontal agreements, the Commission highlights specific groups of cases where particular circumstances may act as justification. By contrast, classic cartel agreements may not be removed from the definition of a cartel based on their serious infringements of competition and may likewise not be exempted as a rule. Regularly they are intended. The De Minimis Notice has no application to such agreements from the outset. The second large group of important restraints relevant to competition law comprises vertical restraints like exclusive or selective distribution, franchising and exclusive supply. It was easier accepted depending on market shares of the participating companies.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1, last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22; see below paras 2886 et seq.

  2. 2.

    Not even when relying on the rule of reason, ECJ, Case C-235/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:362 (para 133)—Montecatini; General Court, Case T-148/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:68 (para 109)—Tréfilunion; General Court, Case T-374/94 inter alia, ECLI:EU:T:1998:198 (para 136)—European Night Services: The only remaining option is a balancing of interests under Art. 101 (3) TFEU.

  3. 3.

    Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1.

  4. 4.

    For the former version (2001), Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 348. See above paras 879 et seq.

  5. 5.

    Cf. regarding these special aspects, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 537.

  6. 6.

    An overview of Commission decisions on the whole in table form, Haag, In: von der Groeben and Schwarze (2003), nach Art. 81 EG—Fallgruppen: Kooperationsabsprachen paras 14 et seq., 17 et seq.

  7. 7.

    Accord, Lübbig, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 8 para 198 citing Commission Decision 74/292/EEC, OJ 1974 L 160, p. 1 (paras 19 et seq.)—Packaging glass as well as Commission Decision 75/497/EEC, OJ 1975 L 228, p. 3 (9)—IFTRA/Primary aluminium; see also ECJ, Case 8/72, ECLI:EU:C:1972:84 (paras 23/24 et seq.)—Cementhandelaren; cf. also addressing fine art auction houses, Commission 32nd Report on Competition Policy 2002, p. 198 et seq. = Commission Decision COMP/E-2/37.784—Fine Art Auction Houses.

  8. 8.

    Categorising them both as a sub-form of price fixing and, as such, customer allocation, Lübbig, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 8 paras 247 et seq.

  9. 9.

    ECJ, Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248 (paras 96 et seq.)—van Landewyck.

  10. 10.

    Commission Decision 75/497/EEC, OJ 1975 L 228, p. 3 (12)—IFTRA/Primary aluminium.

  11. 11.

    Cf. on an overall basis, Lübbig, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 7 paras 22 et seq.

  12. 12.

    Commission, 33rd Report on Competition Policy 2003, p. 199. As a result, the fines for the farmers’ associations was increased by 30 %, cf. Commission Decision 2003/600/EC, OJ 2003 L 209, p. 12 (para 173)—Viandes bovines françaises.

  13. 13.

    Commission Decision 94/601/EC, OJ 1994 L 243, p. 1 (paras 130 et seq.)—Carton board; cf. discussion additional example cases, Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 358 et seq.; Lübbig, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 7 paras 22 et seq.; regarding price cartels, see also Commission Decision 2004/138/EC, OJ 2004 L 56, p. 1—Austrian Banks (“Lombard Club”).

  14. 14.

    Cf. also Commission 33rd Report on Competition Policy 2003, p. 201 for the Sorbate case (Commission Decision COMP/E-1/37.370—Sorbate).

  15. 15.

    E.g. subject to assignment to individual cartel member Commission Decision 2003/437/EC, OJ 2003 L 153, p. 1—Zinc phosphate; cf. also 33rd Report on Competition Policy 2003, sub-section 201 et seq.; Commission Decision 2004/420/EC, OJ 2004 L 125, p. 45—Electrical and mechanical carbon and graphite products (cf. Commission Decision 2002/271/EC, OJ 2002 L 100, p. 1—Graphite electrodes and Speciality graphite products (Commission Decision of 17 December 2002, COMP. 37667—Speciality graphite products), summarised in by the Commission, 32nd Report on Competition Policy 2002, p. 200 et seq.

  16. 16.

    Cf. Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 359.

  17. 17.

    Commission Decision 80/1334/EEC, OJ 1980 L 383, p. 19 (21, 24 et seq.)—Cast glass in Italy; regarding exceptions to market division, Klawitter, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 13 paras 150 et seq.

  18. 18.

    E.g. Graphite electrodes (Commission Decision 2002/271/EC, OJ 2002 L 100, p. 1 (paras 71 et seq.)—Graphite electrodes).

  19. 19.

    This was the case in Commission Decision 2001/418/EC, OJ 2001 L 152, p. 24 (paras 186 et seq.)—Amino acids. There, sales quotas (paras 211 et seq.) were agreed to in addition to set prices (paras 186 et seq.). In addition, the parties agreed to some extent to limits sales to their respective “own” market (paras 211 et seq.).

  20. 20.

    Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 361.

  21. 21.

    E.g. Commission Decision 94/815/EC, OJ 1994 L 343, p. 1 (para 45)—Cement.

  22. 22.

    Commission Decision 2004/139/EC, OJ 2004 L 56, p. 76 (paras 105 et seq.)—REIMS II.

  23. 23.

    Commission Decision 80/917/EEC, OJ 1980 L 260, p. 24 (paras 48 et seq.)—National Sulphuric Acid Association.

  24. 24.

    See previously, Commission Decision 76/159/EEC, OJ 1976 L 28, p. 19 (paras 25 et seq., 38 et seq.)—SABA.

  25. 25.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 81 (3) of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 97 (para 46).

  26. 26.

    Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 365.

  27. 27.

    Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 366 et seq.

  28. 28.

    Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 365.

  29. 29.

    Commission Decision 84/405/EEC, OJ 1984 L 220, p. 27—Zinc Producer Group.

  30. 30.

    Commission Decision 84/405/EEC, OJ 1984 L 220, p. 27 (paras 99 et seq.)—Zinc Producer Group; contrary view, also General Court and ECJ which determined that the existence of a crisis in the respective industry sector could not result in preventing the application of the prohibition of cartels, General Court, Case T-305 inter alia/94, ECLI:EU:T:1999:80 (para 740)—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij; affirming, ECJ, Case C-238 inter alia/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:582 (paras 488 et seq.)—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij; cf. also Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 368.

  31. 31.

    E.g. Commission Decision 94/296/EC, OJ 1994 L 131, p. 15 (para 6)—Stichting Baksteen and 84/380/EEC, OJ 1984 L 207, p. 17 (paras 16 et seq., 25 et seq.)—Synthetic fibres.

  32. 32.

    Winterstein, In: Schröter et al. (2003), Art. 81—Fallgruppen: Marktabsprachen para 30.

  33. 33.

    Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 370.

  34. 34.

    E.g. Commission Decision 94/296/EC, OJ 1994 L 131, p. 15 (paras 24 et seq.)—Stichting Baksteen; cf. Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 370 et seq.

  35. 35.

    See above paras 1145 et seq.

  36. 36.

    Limited to such circumstances, von Bernuth (1996), p. 134.

  37. 37.

    Cf. above at para 1147.

  38. 38.

    Additional discussion of reorganisational mergers during structural crises, below paras 3771 et seq.

  39. 39.

    Cf. also Lübbig, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 8 para 211.

  40. 40.

    Commission Decision 84/380/EEC, OJ 1984 L 207, p. 17 (para 28)—Synthetic fibres.

  41. 41.

    Cf. Lübbig, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 8 para 209.

  42. 42.

    Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 368 et seq.

  43. 43.

    See the assumption by the Commission that external competition is preserved by having additional undertakings that are not parties to an agreement, Commission Decision 84/380/EEC, OJ 1984 L 207, p. 17 (paras 48 et seq.)—Synthetic fibres; 94/296/EC, OJ 1994 L 131, p. 15 (para 40)—Stichting Baksteen.

  44. 44.

    See below paras 3770 et seq.

  45. 45.

    Commission Decision 94/296/EC, OJ 1994 L 131, p. 15 (para 6)—Stichting Baksteen.

  46. 46.

    Commission Decision 84/380/EEC, OJ 1984 L 207, p. 17 (para 19)—Synthetic fibres.

  47. 47.

    Commission Decision 94/296/EC, OJ 1994 L 131, p. 15 (para 6)—Stichting Baksteen.

  48. 48.

    On the topic as a whole, see previously Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 370.

  49. 49.

    Cf. Lübbig, In: Wiedemann (2008), § 8 para 209.

  50. 50.

    Winterstein et al., In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 370; Commission Decision 84/380/EEC, OJ 1984 L 207, p. 17 (para 18)—Synthetic fibres.

  51. 51.

    On the issue as a whole, Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 1 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  52. 52.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 6), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  53. 53.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 51, 111 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172 p. 22.

  54. 54.

    See above paras 172 et seq. as well as paras 1591 et seq.

  55. 55.

    Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1217/2010 of 14 December 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to certain categories of research and development agreements, OJ 2010 L 335, p. 36.

  56. 56.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 111), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  57. 57.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 128), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  58. 58.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 563.

  59. 59.

    On the issue as a whole, Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 112), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  60. 60.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 113 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172 p. 22.

  61. 61.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 120), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  62. 62.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 122), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  63. 63.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 129), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  64. 64.

    Cf. also Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 565.

  65. 65.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 132), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  66. 66.

    See above paras 1323 et seq.

  67. 67.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 133), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  68. 68.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 566.

  69. 69.

    Commission Decision 2000/182/EC, OJ 2000 L 58, p. 16 (para 70)—GEAE/P&W: In this case, economic benefits related to joint development are seen as insufficient if the undertakings each remain able to conduct the research for themselves (para 75). Now, Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 130), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  70. 70.

    See above paras 1145 et seq.

  71. 71.

    Commission Decision 94/823/EC, OJ 1994 L 341, p. 66 (paras 29 et seq.)—Fujitsu AMD Semiconductor.

  72. 72.

    Commission Decision 94/770/EEC, OJ 1994 L 309, p. 1 (paras 56 et seq.)—Pasteur Mérieux/Merck; 94/896/EC, OJ 1994 L 354, p. 87 (para 22)—Asahi/Saint Gobain.

  73. 73.

    Commission Decision 93/49/EEC, OJ 1993 L 20, p. 14 (para 21)—Ford/Volkswagen.

  74. 74.

    Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 463.

  75. 75.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 134), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  76. 76.

    Regarding this specifically and the topic as a whole, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 568 et seq.

  77. 77.

    Cf. critical view, above para 1592.

  78. 78.

    Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1. See above paras 875 et seq.

  79. 79.

    Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 (para 8).

  80. 80.

    Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1217/2010 of 14 December 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to certain categories of research and development agreements, OJ L 335, p. 36. For additional discussion, see above paras 1321 et seq.

  81. 81.

    Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 457 et seq.

  82. 82.

    Cf. Commission Decision 91/38/EEC, OJ 1991 L 19, p. 25 (paras 23 et seq.)—KSB/Goulds/Lowara/ITT addressing Commission Regulation (EU) No. 418/85 of 19 December 1984 on the application of Article 85 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of research and development agreements, OJ 1985 L 153, p. 5.

  83. 83.

    Cf. Commission Decision 85/560/EEC, OJ 1985 L 369, p. 6 (para 15 alt. b))—BP/Kellogg.

  84. 84.

    Cf. Commission Decision 90/46/EEC, OJ 1990 L 32, p. 19 (para 17)—ALCATEL/ESPACE/ANT.

  85. 85.

    Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 464. For general discussion, see above para 1206.

  86. 86.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 134), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  87. 87.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 587.

  88. 88.

    Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 464; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 588; cf. also Commission Decision 94/896/EC, OJ 1994 L 354, p. 87 (para 30)—Asahi/Saint Gobain.

  89. 89.

    Commission Decision 90/46/EEC, OJ 1990 L 32, p. 19 (para 18)—ALCATEL/ESPACE/ANT; also 94/896/EC, OJ 1994 L 354, p. 87 (para 28)—Asahi/Saint Gobain, however in the context of indispensability.

  90. 90.

    Commission Decision 94/896/EC, OJ 1994 L 354, p. 87 (para 26)—Asahi/Saint Gobain.

  91. 91.

    Earlier 5 years, Commission Decision 94/896/EC, OJ 1994 L 354, p. 87 (para 31)—Asahi/Saint Gobain.

  92. 92.

    Commission Decision 94/823/EC, OJ 1994 L 341, p. 66 (para 46)—Fujitsu AMD Semiconductor.

  93. 93.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 590.

  94. 94.

    Regarding this specifically and the topic as a whole, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 589 et seq.

  95. 95.

    Commission Decision 88/555/EEC, OJ 1988 L 305, p. 33 (para 23)—Continental/Michelin.

  96. 96.

    Likewise Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 591.

  97. 97.

    Regarding the resulting mergers of economically independent undertakings and the associated finding of compatibility of side agreements as well, below paras 3424 et seq.

  98. 98.

    Commission Decision 90/410/EEC, OJ 1990 L 209, p. 15 (paras 28 et seq.)—Elopak; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 592, also regarding specific, potential agreements. Cf. also Commission Decision 94/823/EC, OJ 1994 L 341, p. 66 (paras 33 et seq.)—Fujitsu AMD Semiconductor; 90/410/EEC, OJ 1990 L 209, p. 15 (paras 28 et seq.)—Elopak.

  99. 99.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 150), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22, as well as regarding the following.

  100. 100.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 151), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  101. 101.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 151 end), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172 p. 22.

  102. 102.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 154), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22, as well as regarding the following.

  103. 103.

    OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1.

  104. 104.

    Commission Regulation (EU) No. 330/2010 of 20 April 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices, OJ L 102, p. 1; see above.

  105. 105.

    Commission Notice of 18 December 1978 concerning the assessment of certain subcontracting agreements under Article 85 (1) of the Treaty establishing the European Community, OJ 1979 C 1, p. 2.

  106. 106.

    See Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 152), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  107. 107.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 155 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  108. 108.

    Commission Decision 2000/182/EC, OJ 2000 L 58, p. 16 (paras 70 et seq.)—GEAE/P&W; 94/823/EC, OJ 1994 L 341, p. 66 (para 59)—Fujitsu AMD Semiconductor.

  109. 109.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 593.

  110. 110.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11 p. 1 (paras 160, 162 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  111. 111.

    Commission Decision 90/446/EEC, OJ 1990 L 228, p. 31 (33)—ECR 900; 88/568/EEC, OJ 1988 L 311, p. 36 (para 17)—Eurotunnel; cf. Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 601; see for further discussion below, para 1662.

  112. 112.

    See Rose (2012), para 6.058.

  113. 113.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 165, 168 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  114. 114.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 167), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  115. 115.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 167), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  116. 116.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 174, 187 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  117. 117.

    Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 (para 8).

  118. 118.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 611 et seq.

  119. 119.

    Regarding this specifically and the topic as a whole, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 611 et seq.

  120. 120.

    Commission Regulation (EU) No. 1218/2010 of 14 December 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to certain categories of specialisation agreements, OJ L 335, p. 43.

  121. 121.

    Commission Regulation (EU) No. 330/2010 of 20 April 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices, OJ L 102, p. 1.

  122. 122.

    See above paras 1233 et seq.

  123. 123.

    See above para 1315, likewise with regard to the following and Rose (2012), para 6.064.

  124. 124.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 169), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  125. 125.

    Commission Decision 93/49/EEC, OJ 1993 L 20, p. 14 (para 25)—Ford/Volkswagen; 94/986/EC, OJ 1994 L 378, p. 37 (para 25)—Philips/Osram.

  126. 126.

    Commission Decision 78/194/EEC, OJ 1978 L 61, p. 17 (para 6 a))—JAZ/Peter II.

  127. 127.

    Commission Decision 72/88/EEC, OJ 1972 L 31, p. 29 (para 29)—MAN/SAVIEM.

  128. 128.

    Commission Decision 93/49/EEC, OJ 1993 L 20, p. 14 (para 26)—Ford/Volkswagen; 94/823/EC, OJ 1994 L 341, p. 66 (para 41)—Fujitsi AMD Semiconductor; cf. on the topic as a whole, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 627 with additional citations.

  129. 129.

    Commission Decision 93/49/EEC, OJ 1993 L 20, p. 14 (para 27)—Ford/Volkswagen; 94/986/EC, OJ 1994 L 378, p. 37 (para 27)—Philips/Osram.

  130. 130.

    Commission Decision 83/668/EEC, OJ 1983 L 376, p. 11 (para 34)—VW/MAN; cf. on the topic as whole, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 628, in each case with additional citations.

  131. 131.

    See above paras 1433 et seq.

  132. 132.

    Adopting this view, Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 536.

  133. 133.

    Commission Decision 94/986/EC, OJ 1994 L 378, p. 37 (para 28)—Philips/Osram.

  134. 134.

    Commission Decision 93/49/EEC, OJ 1993 L 20, p. 14 (para 29)—Ford/Volkswagen; 94/823/EC, OJ 1994 L 341, p. 66 (para 42)—Fujitsu AMD Semiconductor.

  135. 135.

    Commission Decision 94/986/EC, OJ 1994 L 378, p. 37 (para 28)—Philips/Osram.

  136. 136.

    Commission Decision 77/543/EEC, OJ 1977 L 215, p. 11 (15, 17 et seq.)—De Laval/Stork.

  137. 137.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 629.

  138. 138.

    Cf. e contrario Commission Decision 75/76/EEC, OJ 1975 L 29, p. 20 (24)—RANK/SOPELEM; cf. Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 536 with additional citations.

  139. 139.

    Commission Decision 94/986/EC, OJ 1994 L 378, p. 37 (para 28)—Philips/Osram; 83/390/EEC, OJ 1983 L 224, p. 19—Rockwell/Iveco.

  140. 140.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 629 with additional citations.

  141. 141.

    Commission Decision 1999/574/EC, OJ 1999 L 218, p. 24 (paras 46 et seq.)—Télécom Développement; detailed treatment with additional citations and regarding possible side agreements, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 631.

  142. 142.

    Council Regulation of 20 January 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (“Merger Directive”), OJ 2004 L 24, p. 1.

  143. 143.

    Partial-function joint ventures do not fall within the scope of Art. 3 ECMR, e.g. Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 3 FKVO paras 20, 22; Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 3 FKVO paras 27 et seq.; in the topic as a whole, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 547.

  144. 144.

    Haag, In: von der Groeben and Schwarze (2003), nach Art. 81 EG—Fallgruppen: Kooperationsabsprachen para 42.

  145. 145.

    See Bennett et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), paras 7.369 and 7.370.

  146. 146.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 195), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  147. 147.

    Commission Regulation (EU) No. 330/2010 of 20 April 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices, OJ L 102, p. 1; see above paras 1233 et seq.

  148. 148.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1.

  149. 149.

    Commission Decision 91/329/EEC, OJ 1991 L 178, p. 31 (para 29)—Scottish Nuclear.

  150. 150.

    See Commission Decision 2000/400/EC, OJ 2000 L 151, p. 18 (para 52 et seq.)—Eurovision, declared void by General Court, Case T-185 inter alia/00, ECLI:EU:T:2002:242 (paras 31 et seq.)—M6, however in light of an exemption.

  151. 151.

    ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 37)—Expedia.

  152. 152.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 208), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  153. 153.

    See Bennett et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 7.379.

  154. 154.

    Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1.

  155. 155.

    Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 (para 8).

  156. 156.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 556.

  157. 157.

    ECJ, Case C-250/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:413 (paras 32 et seq.)—DLG; Haag, In: von der Groeben and Schwarze (2003), nach Art. 81 EG—Fallgruppen: Kooperationsabsprachen para 44.

  158. 158.

    See also ECJ, Case C-250/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:413 (para 35)—DLG.

  159. 159.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 560; see above paras 1436 et seq.

  160. 160.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 197 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  161. 161.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 198, 200 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  162. 162.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 561.

  163. 163.

    On this topic, see also Haag, In: von der Groeben and Schwarze (2003), nach Art. 81 EG—Fallgruppen: Kooperationsabsprachen para 45 citing Commission Decision 80/917/EEC, OJ 1980 L 260, p. 24 (para 51)—National Sulphuric Acid Association.

  164. 164.

    Commission Decision 80/917/EEC, OJ 1980 L 260, p. 24 (para 51)—National Sulphuric Acid Association; 91/50/EEC, OJ 1991 L 28, p. 32 (para 53)—Ijsselcentrale; cf. Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 561.

  165. 165.

    Also Commission Decision 80/234/EEC, OJ 1980 L 51, p. 19—Rennet; Bennett et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 7.404.

  166. 166.

    Commission Decision 80/917/EEC, OJ 1980 L 260, p. 24 (para 54)—National Sulphuric Acid Association.

  167. 167.

    Haag, In: von der Groeben and Schwarze (2003), nach Art. 81 EG—Fallgruppen: Kooperationsabsprachen para 45; however see Commission Decision 75/482/EEC, OJ 1975 L 212, p. 23 (24)—INTERGROUP: no appreciability.

  168. 168.

    On the issue as a whole, Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11 p. 1 (paras 201 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  169. 169.

    See above para 1513.

  170. 170.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 225), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  171. 171.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1.

  172. 172.

    Commission Regulation (EU) No. 330/2010 of 20 April 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices, OJ L 102, p. 1.

  173. 173.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 227), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  174. 174.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 227), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  175. 175.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 652.

  176. 176.

    Cf. also Commission Decision 91/301/EEC, OJ 1991 L 152, p. 54 (para 19)—ANSAC.

  177. 177.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 237), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  178. 178.

    Not only in the case of individual tenders but for entire markets, e.g. Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 662 citing Commission Decision 90/446/EEC, OJ 1990 L 228, p. 31 (34)—ECR 900; similarly Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 570.

  179. 179.

    For general discussion, see above paras 1613 et seq., 1662 et seq.

  180. 180.

    Cf. Commission Decision 91/301/EEC, OJ 1991 L 152, p. 54 (para 19)—ANSAC.

  181. 181.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 234 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  182. 182.

    Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 572.

  183. 183.

    Commission Decision 91/301/EEC, OJ 1991 L 152, p. 54 (para 19)—ANSAC; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 660 with additional citations.

  184. 184.

    Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 571; providing an example of a joint venture, Commission Decision 93/48/EEC, OJ 1993 L 20, p. 10 (paras 21 et seq.)—Fiat/Hitachi; for the comparable effect through the use of one of the undertakings participating in production in sales, Commission Decision 83/668/EEC, OJ 1983 L 376, p. 11 (para 20)—VW/MAN; with additional examples including additional citations in each case Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 654.

  185. 185.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 244 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  186. 186.

    Commission Decision 74/431/EEC, OJ 1974 L 237, p. 3 (8)—Papiers peints de Belgique; Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 575.

  187. 187.

    Commission Decision 86/399/EEC, OJ 1986 L 232, p. 15 (para 73)—Roofing and sealing membranes; Haag, In: von der Groeben and Schwarze (2003), nach Art. 81 EG—Fallgruppen: Kooperationsabsprachen para 52.

  188. 188.

    Commission Decision 85/76/EEC, OJ 1985 L 35, p. 35 (paras 38 et seq.)—Milk subsidy fund; cf. Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 575.

  189. 189.

    Cf. on this point, with citations in support of an exemption for such restrictions, Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 576.

  190. 190.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 240), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  191. 191.

    Likewise critical, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 672.

  192. 192.

    Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1.

  193. 193.

    Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 (paras 8, 10, 11).

  194. 194.

    Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 (para 13).

  195. 195.

    Commission Notice on agreements of minor importance which do not appreciably restrict competition under Article 101 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (De Minimis Notice), OJ 2014 C 291, p. 1 (para 4 with fn. 5).

  196. 196.

    Commission Decision 72/23/EEC, OJ 1972 L 13, p. 44—SAFCO.

  197. 197.

    Commission Decision 80/182/EEC, OJ 1980 L 39, p. 51 (56 et seq.)—FLORAL.

  198. 198.

    Commission Decision 78/732/EEC, OJ 1978 L 242, p. 15 (para 76)—CSV; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 673; Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 573; further discussion above, paras 1083 et seq.

  199. 199.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 674.

  200. 200.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 248), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  201. 201.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 680 et seq. citing, e.g. Commission Decision 91/301/EEC, OJ 1991 L 152, p. 54 (para 25)—ANSAC; 80/182/EEC, OJ 1980 L 39, p. 51 (57 et seq.)—FLORAL.

  202. 202.

    Cf. with regard to the particularities of the distribution of drive axles for trucks, Commission Decision 83/390/EEC, OJ 1983 L 224, p. 19—Rockwell/Iveco.

  203. 203.

    Commission Decision 94/579/EC, OJ 1994 L 223, p. 36 (para 54)—BT/MCI: in this case joint distribution in the form of a side agreement with accessory importance was rejected as a concurrent exemption, however it did satisfy all of the requirements for an exemption; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 677.

  204. 204.

    See generally paras 1145 et seq.

  205. 205.

    Cf. on this topic the Commission’s evaluation of the activities of a joint venture in the matter of ATR/BAe (Commission Decision IV/M.551, OJ 1995 C 264, p. 8 (paras 2 et seq.)), summarised in German in Commission, 25th Report on Competition Policy 1995, p. 137 et seq.

  206. 206.

    Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 574 citing Commission Decision 89/467/EEC, OJ 1989 L 226, p. 25 (paras 44 et seq.)—UIP and Commission, 29th Report on Competition Policy 1999, p. 167 et seq.

  207. 207.

    Commission Decision 2003/778/EC, OJ 2003 L 291, p. 25 (paras 32 et seq., 47 et seq.)—Joint marketing of commercial rights to the UEFA Champions League, see also ECJ, Case C-403 and 429/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:631—Football Association Premier League; see above paras 1521 et seq.

  208. 208.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 632.

  209. 209.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 257), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  210. 210.

    Bennett et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 7.510.

  211. 211.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 261), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  212. 212.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 261), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  213. 213.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 261), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  214. 214.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 263 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  215. 215.

    Comprehensive treatment, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 635 and 688 respectively.

  216. 216.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 263), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  217. 217.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 280), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  218. 218.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 281 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  219. 219.

    Commission Decision 87/69/EEC, OJ 1987 L 35, p. 36 (paras 42 et seq.)—X/Open Group.

  220. 220.

    Commission Decision 87/69/EEC, OJ 1987 L 35, p. 36 (para 43)—X/Open Group; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 647.

  221. 221.

    Rejected in Commission Decision 78/156/EEC, OJ 1978 L 47, p. 42 (para 31)—Video cassette recorders; cf. also Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 648.

  222. 222.

    Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 577.

  223. 223.

    Commission Decision 87/69/EEC, OJ 1987 L 35, p. 36 (paras 36 et seq.)—X/Open Group; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 651.

  224. 224.

    Bennett et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 7.407. Cf. on the topic as a whole, Grauel (1982), p. 177 et seq.

  225. 225.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 55 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22. Most recently also Higher Regional Court Düsseldorf, judgement of 29 October 2012, V-1 Kart 1-6/12 (Owi) et al. Critical view Heyers (2013), 103 with additional citations.

  226. 226.

    Bennett et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 7.408.

  227. 227.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 60), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  228. 228.

    ECJ, Case C-7/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1998:256 (para 86)—John Deere; Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (para 26)—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia.

  229. 229.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 61), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  230. 230.

    General Court, Case T-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77 (para 1849)—Cimenteries CBR. Critical and limiting, Heyers (2013), 102. For additional discussion, see above paras 848 et seq.

  231. 231.

    See Emmerich, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (1) AEUV paras 93 et seq.

  232. 232.

    Commission Decision 89/190/EEC, OJ 1989 L 74, p. 1 (paras 17 et seq., 29 et seq.)—PVC.

  233. 233.

    Commission Decision 92/157/EEC, OJ 1992 L 68, p. 19 (paras 17 et seq.)—UK Agricultural Tractor Registration Exchange.

  234. 234.

    Commission Decision 84/405/EEC, OJ 1984 L 220, p. 27 (para 67)—Zinc Producer Group.

  235. 235.

    Commission Decision 84/405/EEC, OJ 1984 L 220, p. 27 (para 68)—Zinc Producer Group.

  236. 236.

    Haag, In: von der Groeben and Schwarze (2003), nach Art. 81 EG—Fallgruppen: Kooperationsabsprachen paras 65 et seq.

  237. 237.

    Cf. here Commission Decision 2004/138/EC, OJ 2004 L 56, p. 1 (para 423)—Austrian Banks (“Lombard Club”).

  238. 238.

    ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 173/174)—Suiker Unie; General Court, Case T-4/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:73 (para 219)—BASF/Commission; Commission Decision 92/157/EEC, OJ 1992 L 68, p. 19 (para 43)—UK Agricultural Tractor Registration Exchange.

  239. 239.

    Commission Decision 92/157/EEC, OJ 1992 L 68, p. 19 (para 43)—UK Agricultural Tractor Registration Exchange. For additional discussion, see above para 942.

  240. 240.

    Cf. Commission Decision 2001/418/EC, OJ 2001 L 152, p. 24 (para 229)—Amino acids.

  241. 241.

    ECJ, Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343 (para 33)—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia.

  242. 242.

    Detailed treatment, Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11 p. 1 (paras 77 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172 p. 22.

  243. 243.

    See Commission Decision 92/157/EEC, OJ 1992 L 68, p. 19 (para 38)—UK Agricultural Tractor Registration Exchange: In this case, four undertakings held an 80 % market share in the British market for tractors.

  244. 244.

    General Court, Case T-35/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:259 (para 51)—John Deere.

  245. 245.

    General Court, Case T-34/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:258 (para 91)—Fiatagri.

  246. 246.

    General Court, Case T-34/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:258 (para 91)—Fiatagri; if the information exchange does not serve to make other classic cartel agreements possible in the first place, cf. on this issue regarding an exchange of information without reporting unit, Commission Decision 2004/421/EC, OJ 2004 L 125, p. 50 (para 11)—Industrial tubes as well as Gipsplatten (Commission Decision COMP/E-1/37.152), summarised in Commission 32nd Report on Competition Policy 2002, p. 206 et seq.

  247. 247.

    General Court, Case T-34/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:258 (para 87)—Fiatagri.

  248. 248.

    General Court, Case T-34/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:258 (para 91)—Fiatagri.

  249. 249.

    Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 455.

  250. 250.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 89), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  251. 251.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 89 end), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  252. 252.

    General Court, Case T-191/98 inter alia, ECLI:EU:T:2003:245 (para 3275)—Atlantic Container Line.

  253. 253.

    Seel, e.g. Higher Regional Court Düsseldorf, judgement of 29 October 2012, V-1 Kart 1-6/12 (OWi) et al.

  254. 254.

    See above para 1649.

  255. 255.

    Bechtold (2012), 111; Heyers (2013), 102.

  256. 256.

    Commission Decision 92/157/EEC, OJ 1992 L 68, p. 19 (para 50)—UK Agricultural Tractor Registration Exchange. In this case, the Commission presumed that it was not possible to draw conclusions about current competitive behaviour in the case of the annual exchange of 1-year-old data.

  257. 257.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 90), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  258. 258.

    Haag, In: Schröter et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 455 citing Commission Communication pursuant to Art. 19 (3) of Council Regulation No. 17 (Case No. IV/33.815, 35.842—EUDIM), OJ 1996 C 111, p. 8 (para 13). In this case, 3000 large European wholesalers were active in the market for sanitary facilities, heaters and sanitary accessories with a product range comprising some one million products.

  259. 259.

    Cf. here Commission authorisation in the case of Operational Riskdata eXchange, Commission 32nd Report on Competition Policy 2002, p. 209.

  260. 260.

    Commission Decision 87/69/EEC, OJ 1987 L 35, p. 36 (para 38)—X/Open Group.

  261. 261.

    Commission Regulation (EU) No 267/2010 of 24 March 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of agreements, decisions and concerted practices in the insurance sector, OJ L 83, p. 1.

  262. 262.

    Cf, e.g. Commission Regulation (EU) No. 267/2010 of 24 March 2010 on the application of Article 101 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to certain categories of agreements, decisions and concerted practices in the insurance sector, OJ L 83, p. 1 For additional discussion, see above paras 1342 et seq.

  263. 263.

    Schuhmacher, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 379 citing, e.g. Council Regulation (EC) No. 906/2009 of 28 September 2009 on the application of Article 81 (3) of the Treaty to certain categories of agreements, decisions and concerted practices between liner shipping companies (consortia), OJ L 256, p. 31 or Council Regulation (EC) No. 169/2009 of 26 February 2009 applying rules of competition to transport by rail, road and inland waterways, OJ L 61, p. 1.

  264. 264.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 74), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  265. 265.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 95), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  266. 266.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 96), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  267. 267.

    See above para 1653.

  268. 268.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (paras 98 et seq.), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  269. 269.

    Bennett et al., In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 7.430.

  270. 270.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 100), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  271. 271.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 101 end), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  272. 272.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 101), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  273. 273.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 101), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  274. 274.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 103), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  275. 275.

    Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, OJ 2011 C 11, p. 1 (para 103), last amended by OJ 2011 C 172, p. 22.

  276. 276.

    See Commission Decision 90/410/EEC, OJ 1990 L 209, p. 15 (paras 24 et seq.)—Elopak.

  277. 277.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 529.

  278. 278.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 529.

  279. 279.

    Commission Notice on agreements, decisions and concerted practices in the field of co-operation between enterprises, OJ 1968 C 75, p. 3.

  280. 280.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 528 et seq.

  281. 281.

    Commission Decision 90/410/EEC, OJ 1990 L 209, p. 15 (paras 24 et seq.)—Elopak; Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 532.

  282. 282.

    Commission Notice on agreements, decisions and concerted practices in the field of co-operation between enterprises, OJ 1968 C 75, p. 3 (Section II.5).

  283. 283.

    Commission Decision 90/446/EEC, OJ 1990 L 228, p. 31 (33)—ECR 900; 88/568/EEC, OJ 1988 L 311, p. 36 (para 17)—Eurotunnel.

  284. 284.

    However, making distinctions, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 533 end.

  285. 285.

    Using this as a basis, Koenig et al. (2005), 135.

  286. 286.

    See Commission Decision 90/410/EEC, OJ 1990 L 209, p. 15 (paras 24 et seq.)—Elopak.

  287. 287.

    See above paras 1145 et seq.

  288. 288.

    Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV para 534.

  289. 289.

    Commission Decision 90/446/EEC, OJ 1990 L 228, p. 31 (33)—ECR 900; 1999/574/EC, OJ 1999 L 218, p. 24 (para 34)—Télécom Développement.

  290. 290.

    Commission Decision 90/446/EEC, OJ 1990 L 228, p. 31 (33)—ECR 900.

  291. 291.

    Commission Decision 2000/182/EC, OJ 2000 L 58, p. 16 (para 75)—GEAE/P&W.

  292. 292.

    Cf. on an overall basis, Schroeder, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 101 AEUV paras 534 et seq.; Commission Decision 90/446/EEC, OJ 1990 L 228, p. 31—ECR 900.

  293. 293.

    On the distinction between horizontal and vertical agreements, see Jungermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 101 (1), (3) AEUV Fallgruppen II.1 paras 27 et seq.

  294. 294.

    Gurin and Pepperkorn, In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), para 9.01 et seq.

  295. 295.

    For definitional differences, see Jungermann, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art. 101 (1), (3) AEUV Fallgruppen I. paras 22 et seq.

  296. 296.

    See Whish and Bailey (2012), p. 618 et seq. with an overview.

  297. 297.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 2); similarly Art. 1 alt. a) Vertical BER.

  298. 298.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 6).

  299. 299.

    General Court, Case T-450/05, ECLI:EU:T:2009:262 (para 173)—Peugeot.

  300. 300.

    Rose (2012), para 7.006.

  301. 301.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 9).

  302. 302.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 9 and in detail 96 et seq.) citing General Court, Case T-7/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:98 (para 98)—Langnese Iglo.

  303. 303.

    Starting with the ECJ, Case 5/69, ECLI:EU:C:1969:35—Völk; Case 1/71, ECLI:EU:C:1971:47—Cadillon; Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173 (paras 16 et seq.)—Javico.

  304. 304.

    ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 25)—Expedia.

  305. 305.

    See S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 para 9.

  306. 306.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 11) with a link to the definition contained in the Annex to the Commission Recommendation of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, OJ L 124, p. 36.

  307. 307.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 11).

  308. 308.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 6 end); see S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 paras 2 et seq.

  309. 309.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 10).

  310. 310.

    See e.g. ECJ, Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610 (paras 64 et seq.)—GlaxoSmithKline Services.

  311. 311.

    Explicitly so, Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 5 end) citing Commission Communication—Guidelines on the applicability of Article 81 (3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 97.

  312. 312.

    See detailed discussion above at paras 70 et seq.

  313. 313.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 47).

  314. 314.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 47 in conjunction with footnote 2).

  315. 315.

    See above paras 77 et seq.

  316. 316.

    See above paras 1666 et seq.; Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 8 et seq.).

  317. 317.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 9 et seq.)

  318. 318.

    See also Simon (2010), 498 et seq.

  319. 319.

    ECJ, Case C-217/05, ECLI:EU:C:2006:784—Confederación Española de Empresarios de Estaciones de Servicio; Case C-279/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:485—CEPSA; General Court, Case T-325/01, ECLI:EU:T:2005:322—DaimlerChrysler; see also S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 paras 96 et seq.

  320. 320.

    See Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 17 end).

  321. 321.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 14); see also S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 para 99.

  322. 322.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 14).

  323. 323.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 17 end).

  324. 324.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 14 end).

  325. 325.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 13).

  326. 326.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 13).

  327. 327.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 17).

  328. 328.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 15).

  329. 329.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 16) with additional aspects.

  330. 330.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 19), subject to the regular exception in the case of exclusive representative clauses due to a lack of anti-competitive effects.

  331. 331.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 20).

  332. 332.

    Additional discussion, S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 paras 110 et seq.

  333. 333.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 22).

  334. 334.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 22) citing Commission Notice of 18 December 1978 concerning the assessment of certain subcontracting agreements under Article 85 (1) of the Treaty establishing the European Community, OJ 1979 C 1, p. 2 (no. 3).

  335. 335.

    ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795 (para 25, 37)—Expedia.

  336. 336.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 8 et seq.); further discussion above, paras 1666 et seq.

  337. 337.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 110).

  338. 338.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 87). See above paras 1247 et seq.

  339. 339.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 88 et seq.).

  340. 340.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 89).

  341. 341.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 94).

  342. 342.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 89).

  343. 343.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 95).

  344. 344.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 89).

  345. 345.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 92).

  346. 346.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 98).

  347. 347.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 114).

  348. 348.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 116).

  349. 349.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 116).

  350. 350.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 117).

  351. 351.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 117).

  352. 352.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 117).

  353. 353.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 118).

  354. 354.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 120 et seq.)

  355. 355.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 179 end) considering a presumptive effect which must then be rebutted.

  356. 356.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 97).

  357. 357.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 113).

  358. 358.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 100) with regard to the foregoing as well.

  359. 359.

    Rodger and MacCulloch (2014), p. 236.

  360. 360.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 102, 104).

  361. 361.

    See above para 1145.

  362. 362.

    See Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 107 alt. b)).

  363. 363.

    Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 518.

  364. 364.

    Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 532.

  365. 365.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 106).

  366. 366.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 107 alt. a)) with delimitation to false free loader constellations (e.g. customer service after sale).

  367. 367.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 107 alt. b)).

  368. 368.

    See above paras 1145 et seq.

  369. 369.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 107 alt. b)).

  370. 370.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 107 alt. b)).

  371. 371.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 109).

  372. 372.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 125).

  373. 373.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 125).

  374. 374.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 126).

  375. 375.

    See e.g. General Court, Case T-131/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:83—Shaw and Falla; Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 530 with additional citations.

  376. 376.

    General Court, Case T-51/89, ECLI:EU:T:1990:41—Tetra Pak I.

  377. 377.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 127).

  378. 378.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 128).

  379. 379.

    Gurin and Pepperkorn, In: Faull and Nikpay (2014), paras 9.57 et seq.

  380. 380.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 129), also for the previous section.

  381. 381.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 129), with regard to the constellation that the buyer must disclose the name of the more favourable supplier.

  382. 382.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 131).

  383. 383.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 133).

  384. 384.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 133).

  385. 385.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 132).

  386. 386.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 134).

  387. 387.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 134).

  388. 388.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 135).

  389. 389.

    See Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 135).

  390. 390.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 136).

  391. 391.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 136).

  392. 392.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 137).

  393. 393.

    Cf. Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1. (para 139).

  394. 394.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 140 and 141) with regard to the case of cumulative foreclosure in which less than 40 % of the market can be bound by an agreement. In any case, less than 30 % of the entire market with a commitment to the single branding obligation are not a problem.

  395. 395.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 145 et seq.).

  396. 396.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 148).

  397. 397.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 147).

  398. 398.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 151).

  399. 399.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 151).

  400. 400.

    ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (342 et seq.)—Consten und Grundig.

  401. 401.

    General Court, Case T-61/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:79 (paras 98 et seq.)—Dansk Pelsdyravlerforening.

  402. 402.

    Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 522 citing ECJ, Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38 (250)—Maschinenbau Ulm).

  403. 403.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 153).

  404. 404.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 154).

  405. 405.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 154).

  406. 406.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 160).

  407. 407.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 155, 161); on these principles above paras 1708 et seq.

  408. 408.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 161).

  409. 409.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 156).

  410. 410.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 162).

  411. 411.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 157).

  412. 412.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 158).

  413. 413.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 152).

  414. 414.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 152).

  415. 415.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 153).

  416. 416.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 163).

  417. 417.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 164).

  418. 418.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 162 end, 164 end).

  419. 419.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 161 end, 164).

  420. 420.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 168).

  421. 421.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 168).

  422. 422.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 168).

  423. 423.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 168).

  424. 424.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 169).

  425. 425.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 169).

  426. 426.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 172).

  427. 427.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 172).

  428. 428.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 172).

  429. 429.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 172).

  430. 430.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 174).

  431. 431.

    General Court, Case T-88/92, ECLI:EU:T:1996:192—Leclerc.

  432. 432.

    See e.g. ECJ, Case 107/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:293 (para 35)—AEG/Commission; Case 31/80, ECLI:EU:C:1980:289 (paras 15 et seq.)—L’Oréal; Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 175).

  433. 433.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 175 end).

  434. 434.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 176).

  435. 435.

    See General Court, Case T-19/92, ECLI:EU:T:1996:190 (paras 112 et seq.)—Leclerc; Case T-88/92, ECLI:EU:T:1996:192 (paras 106 et seq.)—Leclerc.

  436. 436.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 177).

  437. 437.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 176).

  438. 438.

    Commission Decision 82/860/EC, OJ 1982 L 360, p. 31 (para 48)—Cafeteros de Colombia.

  439. 439.

    See also ECJ, Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248—van Landewyck; Commission Decision 78/670/EEC, OJ 1978 L 224, p. 29 (paras 113 et seq.)—FEDETAB.

  440. 440.

    Commission Decision 85/616/EC, OJ 1985 L 376, p. 15 (paras 19 et seq.)—Villeroy & Boch.

  441. 441.

    Commission Decision 77/100/EEC, OJ 1977 L 30, p. 10 (paras 20 et seq.)—Junghans; 70/488/EEC, OJ 1970 L 242, p. 22 (para 7)—Omega; Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 531 with additional examples and numerous additional citations.

  442. 442.

    See Commission Decision 94/29/EC, OJ 1994 L 20, p. 15 (paras 36 et seq.)—Grundig EC distribution restraints.

  443. 443.

    See also Commission Decision 73/196/EEC, OJ 1973 L 194, p. 27 (item II.)—Du Pont de Nemours Germany; Commission Decision 70/332/EEC, OJ 1970 L 147, p. 24 (paras 23 et seq.)—Kodak.

  444. 444.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 185); this aspect equated with the other gains in efficiency Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 529.

  445. 445.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 179).

  446. 446.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 185).

  447. 447.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 185).

  448. 448.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 183).

  449. 449.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 183).

  450. 450.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 183); further discussion above, paras 1708 et seq.

  451. 451.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 182).

  452. 452.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 186).

  453. 453.

    Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 529.

  454. 454.

    ECJ, Case 26/76, ECLI:EU:C:1977:167 (para 43)—Metro I.

  455. 455.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 176).

  456. 456.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 179).

  457. 457.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 179).

  458. 458.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 178).

  459. 459.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 179).

  460. 460.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 178).

  461. 461.

    Specifically on internet/online distribution S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 paras 171 et seq.; Seeliger and Klauß (2010), 233 et seq.; Murach (2010), 212 et seq.; Simon (2010), 502.

  462. 462.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 179).

  463. 463.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 177).

  464. 464.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 179).

  465. 465.

    Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV with reference to Art. 4 Regulation (EU) No. 330/2010 as well as ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41 (346 et seq.)—Consten und Grundig.

  466. 466.

    ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (para 13)—Pronuptia.

  467. 467.

    See also S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 para 103.

  468. 468.

    ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (para 13)—Pronuptia.

  469. 469.

    ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (para 15)—Pronuptia.

  470. 470.

    ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (para 15)—Pronuptia.

  471. 471.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 189).

  472. 472.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 190).

  473. 473.

    ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (para 16)—Pronuptia.

  474. 474.

    ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (paras 17 et seq.)—Pronuptia.

  475. 475.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 190); for know-how see also S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 para 106.

  476. 476.

    ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41 (para 23)—Pronuptia; S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 para 107.

  477. 477.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 192).

  478. 478.

    Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 539.

  479. 479.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 194).

  480. 480.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 194).

  481. 481.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 194).

  482. 482.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 195).

  483. 483.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 199).

  484. 484.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 196).

  485. 485.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 198).

  486. 486.

    See Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 197) with reference to frequent, considerable market entry barriers.

  487. 487.

    Ellger, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 101 (3) AEUV para 539; S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 para 157.

  488. 488.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 200).

  489. 489.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 201).

  490. 490.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 193).

  491. 491.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 214).

  492. 492.

    ECJ, Case C-333/94 P, ECLI:EU:C:1996:436 (para 37)—Tetra Pak.

  493. 493.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (paras 214 et seq.) in detail.

  494. 494.

    For more, see Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 215).

  495. 495.

    General Court, Case T-201/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:289 (paras 917, 921 et seq.)—Microsoft.

  496. 496.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 216).

  497. 497.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 216 end).

  498. 498.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 217).

  499. 499.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 219).

  500. 500.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 220).

  501. 501.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 220).

  502. 502.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 221).

  503. 503.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 218); see also S. Mäger, In: Mäger (2011), ch. 4 para 213.

  504. 504.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 218).

  505. 505.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 222).

  506. 506.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 222).

  507. 507.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 222).

  508. 508.

    Guidelines on Vertical Restraints, OJ 2010 C 130, p. 1 (para 222).

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Authors and Affiliations

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    Walter Frenz

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Table of Cases

Table of Cases

ECJ, Cases 56 and 58/64, ECLI:EU:C:1966:41—Consten und Grundig

ECJ, Case 56/65, ECLI:EU:C:1966:38—Maschinenbau Ulm

ECJ, Case 5/69, ECLI:EU:C:1969:35—Völk

ECJ, Case 1/71, ECLI:EU:C:1971:47—Cadillon

ECJ, Case 8/72, ECLI:EU:C:1972:84—Cementhandelaren

ECJ, Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174—Suiker Unie

ECJ, Case 26/76, ECLI:EU:C:1977:167—Metro I

ECJ, Case 209 inter alia/78, ECLI:EU:C:1980:248—van Landewyck

ECJ, Case 31/80, ECLI:EU:C:1980:289—L’Oreal

ECJ, Case 107/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:293—AEG/Commission

ECJ, Case 161/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:41—Pronuptia

ECJ, Case C-235/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:362—Montecatini

ECJ, Case C-250/92, ECLI:EU:C:1994:413—DLG

ECJ, Case C-333/94 P, ECLI:EU:C:1996:436—Tetra Pak

ECJ, Case C-7/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1998:256—John Deere

ECJ, Case C-306/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:173—Javico

ECJ, Case C-238 inter alia/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:582—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij

ECJ, Case C-217/05, ECLI:EU:C:2006:784—Confederación Española de Empresarios de Estaciones de Servicio

ECJ, Case C-279/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:485—CEPSA

ECJ, Case C-501 inter alia/06 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:610—GlaxoSmithKline Services

ECJ, Case C-8/08, ECLI:EU:C:2009:343—T-Mobile Netherlands inter alia

ECJ, Cases C-403 and 429/08, ECLI:EU:C:2011:631—Football Association Premier League

ECJ, Case C-226/11, ECLI:EU:C:2012:795—Expedia

General Court, Case T-4/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:73—BASF/Commission

General Court, Case T-51/89, ECLI:EU:T:1990:41—Tetra Pak I

General Court, Case T-61/89, ECLI:EU:T:1992:79—Dansk Pelsdyravlerforening

General Court, Case T-148/89, ECLI:EU:T:1995:68—Tréfilunion

General Court, Case T-19/92, ECLI:EU:T:1996:190—Leclerc

General Court, Case T-34/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:258—Fiatagri

General Court, Case T-35/92, ECLI:EU:T:1994:259—John Deere

General Court, Case T-88/92, ECLI:EU:T:1996:192—Leclerc

General Court, Case T-7/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:98—Langnese Iglo

General Court, Case T-305 inter alia/94, ECLI:EU:T:1999:80—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij

General Court, Case T-374/94 inter alia, ECLI:EU:T:1998:198—European Night Services

General Court, Case T-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77—Cimenteries CBR

General Court, Case T-191/98 inter alia, ECLI:EU:T:2003:245—Atlantic Container Line

General Court, Case T-131/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:83—Shaw and Falla

General Court, Case T-185 inter alia/00, ECLI:EU:T:2002:242—M6

General Court, Case T-325/01, ECLI:EU:T:2005:322—DaimlerChrysler

General Court, Case T-201/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:289—Microsoft

General Court, Case T-450/05, ECLI:EU:T:2009:262—Peugeot

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Frenz, W. (2016). Horizontal and Vertical Restraints in Practice. In: Handbook of EU Competition Law. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48593-4_5

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