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Poverty and Slowness of Voluntary Movement

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Disorders of Movement

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Abstract

Poverty and slowness of movement occur due to a reduction in speed, a reduction in amplitude, a breakdown in the rhythm or any combination thereof. These impairments have been subsumed under the rubric of bradykinesia, if the poverty of movement affects predominantly speed; hypokinesia, if the impairment of amplitude predominates; or akinesia, if speed and amplitude are globally affected. Akinesia also refers to poverty of spontaneous movement and may technically be the ultimate expression of disorders affecting motility due to lesions in end effectors of movement such as the corticospinal tract (in which case they are associated with spasticity) or the lower motor system, which includes spinal motor neurons, muscles or neuromuscular junction (in which case they may be associated with flaccidity). Nevertheless, the term akinesia has most often been reserved for disorders associated with rigidity and therefore entails dysfunction within the basal ganglia or their connecting structures. With one major exception (the syndrome of pure akinesia [i.e. without rigidity]), these akinetic-rigid disorders have been subsumed under a syndrome, parkinsonism, and applied to the chronic and often progressive deterioration of speed, amplitude and/or rhythm of movement. The vast majority of parkinsonian syndromes are grouped into different nosological entities based on shared clinical features but are separated on the basis of their different pathological and genetic underpinnings.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurology Department, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

    Davide Martino MD, PhD (Consultant Neurologist and Honorary Senior Lecturer)

  2. James J. and Joan A. Gardner Center for Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Alberto J. Espay MD, MSc (Associate Professor of Neurology)

  3. Division of Neurology, University of Toronto Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Alfonso Fasano MD, PhD (Associate Professor of Medicine)

  4. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

    Francesca Morgante MD, PhD (Assistant Professor Neurology)

Authors
  1. Davide Martino MD, PhD
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  2. Alberto J. Espay MD, MSc
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  3. Alfonso Fasano MD, PhD
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  4. Francesca Morgante MD, PhD
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Martino, D., Espay, A.J., Fasano, A., Morgante, F. (2016). Poverty and Slowness of Voluntary Movement. In: Disorders of Movement. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48468-5_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48468-5_1

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