Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Springer Theses ((Springer Theses))

  • 505 Accesses

Abstract

Space physics studies various physical processes that exist in different regions including the middle and high layer atmosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere, interplanetary space, the Sun, and the entire heliosphere.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Note The reconnection accelerated electrons with high energy (usually greater than 1 keV) are also called nonthermal electron or suprathermal electron by some authors. However, 100–700 eV electrons in the solar wind, which is often used to diagnose the magnetic field, are also called suprathermal electron. Here we use energetic electron to denote the reconnection accelerated electron with high energy (usually greater than 1 keV).

  2. 2.

    Note The electron flux spectrum usually obeys a power law at high-energy range. The relation between the phase space density and energy can be descripted by f ~ E k. A smaller power index k means a harder spectrum.

  3. 3.

    Note These reconnection jets could be described by the ‘Walen’ relation which would be discussed in Chaps. 2 and 5.

References

  • Ambrosiano, J., Matthaeus, W.H., Goldstein, M.L., Plante, D.: Test particle acceleration in turbulent reconnecting magnetic fields. J. Geophys. Res. 93(A12), 14383–14400 (1988). doi:10.1029/JA093iA12p14383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birn, J., Drake, J.F., Shay, M.A., Rogers, B.N., Denton, R.E., Hesse, M., Kuznetsova, M., Ma, Z.W., Bhattacharjee, A., Otto, A., Pritchett, P.L.: Geospace environmental modeling (GEM) magnetic reconnection challenge. J. Geophys. Res. 106(A3), 3715–3719 (2001). doi:10.1029/1999ja900449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birn, J., Priest, E.R.: Reconnection Of Magnetic Fields: Magnetohydrodynamics and Collisionless Theory and Observations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2007)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Birn, J., Thomsen, M.F., Borovsky, J.E., Reeves, G.D., Hesse, M.: Particle acceleration in the dynamic magnetotail. Phys. Plasmas 7(5), 2149–2156 (2000). doi:10.1063/1.874035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birn, J., Thomsen, M.F., Hesse, M.: Electron acceleration in the dynamic magnetotail: test particle orbits in three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulation fields. Phys. Plasmas 11(5), 1825–1833 (2004). doi:10.1063/1.1704641

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, E.G., Field, G.B.: Nonthermal acceleration from reconnection shocks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 73(23), 3097–3100 (1994). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.3097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bothmer, V., Schwenn, R.: Eruptive prominences as sources of magnetic clouds in the solar wind. Space Sci. Rev. 70(1), 215–220 (1994). doi:10.1007/bf00777872

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L., Lepping, R., Weber, R., Armstrong, T., Goodrich, C., Sullivan, J., Gurnett, D., Kellogg, P., Keppler, E., Mariani, F., Neubauer, F., Rosenbauer, H., Schwenn, R.: Interplanetary particles and fields, November 22 to December 6, 1977: helios, voyager, and imp observations between 0.6 and 1.6 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 85(A5), 2227–2242 (1980). doi:10.1029/JA085iA05p02227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L., Sittler, E., Mariani, F., Schwenn, R.: Magnetic loop behind an interplanetary shock: voyager, helios, and IMP 8 observations. J. Geophys. Res. 86(A8), 6673–6684 (1981). doi:10.1029/JA086iA08p06673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burlaga, L.F.: Interplanetary Magnetohydrodynamics. Oxford Univ. Press, New York (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassak, P.A., Shay, M.A.: Magnetic Reconnection for Coronal Conditions: Reconnection Rates, Secondary Islands and Onset. Space Sci. Rev. 1–20 (2011). doi:10.1007/s11214-011-9755-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Daughton, W., Roytershteyn, V., Albright, B.J., Karimabadi, H., Yin, L., Bowers, K.J.: Transition from collisional to kinetic regimes in large-scale reconnection layers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(6), 065004 (2009). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.065004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M.S., Phan, T.D., Gosling, J.T., Skoug, R.M.: Detection of oppositely directed reconnection jets in a solar wind current sheet. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33(19), L19102 (2006). doi:10.1029/2006gl026735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deeg, H.-J., Borovsky, J.E., Duric, N.: Particle acceleration near X-type magnetic neutral lines. Phys. Fluids B 3(9), 2660–2674 (1991). doi:10.1063/1.859978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dmitruk, P., Matthaeus, W.H., Seenu, N.: Test particle energization by current sheets and nonuniform fields in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Astrophys. J. 617(1), 667 (2004). doi:10.1086/425301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, J.F., Swisdak, M., Cattell, C., Shay, M.A., Rogers, B.N., Zeiler, A.: Formation of electron holes and particle energization during magnetic reconnection. Science 299(5608), 873–877 (2003). doi:10.1126/science.1080333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, J.F., Swisdak, M., Che, H., Shay, M.A.: Electron acceleration from contracting magnetic islands during reconnection. Nature 443(7111), 553–556 (2006). doi:10.1038/nature05116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dungey, J.W.: Conditions for the occurrence of electrical discharges in astrophysical systems. Phil. Mag. 44(354), 725–738 (1953)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dungey, J.W.: Interplanetary magnetic field and the auroral zones. Phys. Rev. Lett. 6(2), 47–48 (1961). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dungey, J.W.: The structure of the exosphere or adventures in velocity space. In: DeWitt, C., Hieblot, J., LeBeau, L. (eds.) Geophysics, The Earth’s Environment, vol. 503. Gordon and Breach, New York (1963)

    Google Scholar 

  • Egedal, J., Daughton, W., Le, A.: Large-scale electron acceleration by parallel electric fields during magnetic reconnection. Nature Phys. 8(4), 321–324 (2012). doi:10.1038/nphys2249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, W.M., Desch, M.D., Kaiser, M.L., Goetz, K.: The dominance of electron plasma waves near a reconnection X-line region. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(19), 1902 (2002). doi:10.1029/2002gl014662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimoto, K., Machida, S.: An electron heating mechanism in the outflow region from the X-type neutral line. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A9), 1349 (2003). doi:10.1029/2002ja009810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giovanelli, R.G.: A theory of chromospheric flares. Nature 158(4003), 81–82 (1946). doi:10.1038/158081a0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, M.L., Matthaeus, W.H., Ambrosiano, J.J.: Acceleration of charged particles in magnetic reconnection: Solar flares, the magnetosphere, and solar wind. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13(3), 205–208 (1986). doi:10.1029/GL013i003p00205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J.T.: Magnetic Reconnection in the Solar Wind Space Sci. Rev. 1–14 (2011). doi:10.1007/s11214-011-9747-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J.T., Eriksson, S., Blush, L.M., Phan, T.D., Luhmann, J.G., McComas, D.J., Skoug, R.M., Acuna, M.H., Russell, C.T., Simunac, K.D.: Five spacecraft observations of oppositely directed exhaust jets from a magnetic reconnection X-line extending > 4.26 × 106 km in the solar wind at 1 AU. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34(20), L20108 (2007a). doi:10.1029/2007gl031492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J.T., Phan, T.D., Lin, R.P., Szabo, A.: Prevalence of magnetic reconnection at small field shear angles in the solar wind. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34(15), L15110 (2007b). doi:10.1029/2007gl030706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J.T., Skoug, R.M., Haggerty, D.K., McComas, D.J.: Absence of energetic particle effects associated with magnetic reconnection exhausts in the solar wind. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32(14), L14113 (2005a). doi:10.1029/2005gl023357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosling, J.T., Skoug, R.M., McComas, D.J., Smith, C.W.: Direct evidence for magnetic reconnection in the solar wind near 1 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 110(A1), A01107 (2005b). doi:10.1029/2004ja010809

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurnett, D.A., Bhattacharjee, A.: Introduction to Plasma Physics: With Space and Laboratory Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2005)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hoshino, M.: Electron surfing acceleration in magnetic reconnection. J. Geophys. Res. 110(A10), A10215 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005ja011229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoshino, M.: Stochastic particle acceleration in multiple magnetic islands during reconnection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108(13), 135003 (2012). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.135003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoshino, M., Mukai, T., Terasawa, T., Shinohara, I.: Suprathermal electron acceleration in magnetic reconnection. J. Geophys. Res. 106(A11), 25979–25997 (2001). doi:10.1029/2001ja900052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huba, J.D.: NRL Plasma Formulary. Revised. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  • Huttunen, K.E.J., Bale, S.D., Phan, T.D., Davis, M., Gosling, J.T.: Wind/WAVES observations of high-frequency plasma waves in solar wind reconnection exhausts. J. Geophys. Res. 112(A1), A01102 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006ja011836

    Google Scholar 

  • Imada, S., Hoshino, M., Mukai, T.: The dawn-dusk asymmetry of energetic and thermal electrons: the Geotail observations. In: Winglee, R.M. (ed.) Substorms-5, pp. 388–393. University of Washington, Seattle (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  • Imada, S., Hoshino, M., Mukai, T.: Average profiles of energetic and thermal electrons in the magnetotail reconnection regions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32(9), L09101 (2005). doi:10.1029/2005gl022594

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imada, S., Hoshino, M., Mukai, T.: The dawn-dusk asymmetry of energetic electron in the Earth’s magnetotail: Observation and transport models. J. Geophys. Res. 113(A11), A11201 (2008). doi:10.1029/2008ja013610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imada, S., Nakamura, R., Daly, P.W., Hoshino, M., Baumjohann, W., Mühlbachler, S., Balogh, A., Rème, H.: Energetic electron acceleration in the downstream reconnection outflow region. J. Geophys. Res. 112(A3), A03202 (2007). doi:10.1029/2006ja011847

    Google Scholar 

  • Janoo, L., Farrugia, C.J., Torbert, R.B., Quinn, J.M., Szabo, A., Lepping, R.P., Ogilvie, K.W., Lin, R.R., Larson, D., Scudder, J.D., Osherovich, V.A., Steinberg, J.T.: Field and flow perturbations in the October 18-19, 1995, magnetic cloud. J. Geophys. Res. 103(A8), 17249–17259 (1998). doi:10.1029/97ja03173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lakhina, G.S., Tsurutani, B.T., Kojima, H., Matsumoto, H.: “Broadband” plasma waves in the boundary layers. J. Geophys. Res. 105(A12), 27791–27831 (2000). doi:10.1029/2000ja900054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lepping, R.P., Berdichevsky, D.B., Wu, C.C., Szabo, A., Narock, T., Mariani, F., Lazarus, A.J., Quivers, A.J.: A summary of WIND magnetic clouds for years 1995-2003: model-fitted parameters, associated errors and classifications. Ann. Geophys. 24(1), 215–245 (2006). doi:10.5194/angeo-24-215-2006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lepping, R.P., Burlaga, L.F., Szabo, A., Ogilvie, K.W., Mish, W.H., Vassiliadis, D., Lazarus, A.J., Steinberg, J.T., Farrugia, C.J., Janoo, L., Mariani, F.: The Wind magnetic cloud and events of October 18-20, 1995: Interplanetary properties and as triggers for geomagnetic activity. J. Geophys. Res. 102(A7), 14049–14063 (1997). doi:10.1029/97ja00272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, R.P., Hudson, H.S.: 10–100 keV electron acceleration and emission from solar flares. Sol. Phys. 17(2), 412–435 (1971). doi:10.1007/bf00150045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, R.P., Krucker, S., Hurford, G.J., Smith, D.M., Hudson, H.S., Holman, G.D., Schwartz, R.A., Dennis, B.R., Share, G.H., Murphy, R.J., Emslie, A.G., Johns-Krull, C., Vilmer, N.: RHESSI observations of particle acceleration and energy release in an intense solar gamma-ray line flare. Astrophys. J. Lett. 595(2), L69 (2003). doi:10.1086/378932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Möbius, E., Scholer, M., Hovestadt, D., Paschmann, G., Gloeckler, G.: Energetic particles in the vicinity of a possible neutral line in the plasma sheet. J. Geophys. Res. 88(A10), 7742–7752 (1983). doi:10.1029/JA088iA10p07742

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malmberg, J.H., Wharton, C.B.: Collisionless damping of electrostatic plasma waves. Phys. Rev. Lett. 13(6), 184–186 (1964). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, H., Kojima, H., Miyatake, T., Omura, Y., Okada, M., Nagano, I., Tsutsui, M.: Electrostatic solitary waves (ESW) in the magnetotail: BEN wave forms observed by GEOTAIL. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21(25), 2915–2918 (1994). doi:10.1029/94gl01284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthaeus, W.H., Ambrosiano, J.J., Goldstein, M.L.: Particle acceleration by turbulent magnetohydrodynamic reconnection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 53(15), 1449–1452 (1984). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.1449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng, C.S., Bhattacharjee, A., Skiff, F.: Weakly collisional Landau damping and three-dimensional Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal modes: new results on old problems. Phys. Plasmas 13(5), 055903–055909 (2006). doi:10.1063/1.2186187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Øieroset, M., Lin, R.P., Phan, T.D., Larson, D.E., Bale, S.D.: Evidence for electron acceleration up to ~ 300 kev in the magnetic reconnection diffusion region of Earth’s magnetotail. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89(19), 195001 (2002). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.195001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Øieroset, M., Phan, T.D., Fujimoto, M., Lin, R.P., Lepping, R.P.: In situ detection of collisionless reconnection in the Earth’s magnetotail. Nature 412(6845), 414–417 (2001). doi:10.1038/35086520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oka, M., Fujimoto, M., Shinohara, I., Phan, T.D.: “Island surfing” mechanism of electron acceleration during magnetic reconnection. J. Geophys. Res. 115(A8), A08223 (2010a). doi:10.1029/2010ja015392

    Google Scholar 

  • Oka, M., Phan, T.-D., Krucker, S., Fujimoto, M., Shinohara, I.: Electron acceleration by multi-island coalescence. Astrophys. J. 714(1), 915 (2010b). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/714/1/915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omura, Y., Kojima, H., Matsumoto, H.: Computer simulation of electrostatic solitary waves: a nonlinear model of broadband electrostatic noise. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21(25), 2923–2926 (1994). doi:10.1029/94gl01605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, E.N.: Sweet’s mechanism for merging magnetic fields in conducting fluids. J. Geophys. Res. 62(4), 509–520 (1957). doi:10.1029/JZ062i004p00509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petschek, H.E.: Magnetic field annihilation. In: Hess, W.N. (ed.) AAS/NASA Symposium on the Physics of Solar Flares, pp. 425–439. NASA SP-50, Washington, DC (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  • Phan, T.D., Gosling, J.T., Davis, M.S., Skoug, R.M., Oieroset, M., Lin, R.P., Lepping, R.P., McComas, D.J., Smith, C.W., Reme, H., Balogh, A.: A magnetic reconnection X-line extending more than 390 Earth radii in the solar wind. Nature 439(7073), 175–178 (2006). doi:10.1038/nature04393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchett, P.L.: Relativistic electron production during driven magnetic reconnection. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33(13), L13104 (2006a). doi:10.1029/2005gl025267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchett, P.L.: Relativistic electron production during guide field magnetic reconnection. J. Geophys. Res. 111(A10), A10212 (2006b). doi:10.1029/2006ja011793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchett, P.L.: Energetic electron acceleration during multi-island coalescence. Phys. Plasmas 15(10), 102105–102109 (2008). doi:10.1063/1.2996321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samtaney, R., Loureiro, N.F., Uzdensky, D.A., Schekochihin, A.A., Cowley, S.C.: Formation of plasmoid chains in magnetic reconnection. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(10), 105004 (2009). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.105004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet, P.A.: The neutral point theory of solar flares. In: Lehnert, B. (ed.) Electromagnetic Phenomena in Cosmical Physics, pp. 123–134. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Uzdensky, D.A., Kulsrud, R.M.: Two-dimensional numerical simulation of the resistive reconnection layer. Phys. Plasmas 7(10), 4018–4030 (2000). doi:10.1063/1.1308081

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Wei, F.S., Feng, X.S., Zhang, S.H., Zuo, P.B., Sun, T.R.: Energetic electrons associated with magnetic reconnection in the magnetic cloud boundary layer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105(19), 195007 (2010). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.195007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Wei, F.S., Feng, X.S., Zuo, P.B., Guo, J.P., Xu, X.J., Li, Z.: Variations of solar electron and proton flux in magnetic cloud boundary layers and comparisons with those across the shocks and in the reconnection exhausts. Astrophys. J. 749(1), 82 (2012). doi:10.1088/0004-637X/749/1/82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, F.S., Feng, X., Yang, F., Zhong, D.: A new non-pressure-balanced structure in interplanetary space: Boundary layers of magnetic clouds. J. Geophys. Res. 111(A3), A03102 (2006). doi:10.1029/2005ja011272

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei, F.S., Hu, Q., Feng, X., Fan, Q.: Magnetic reconnection phenomena in interplanetary space. Space Sci. Rev. 107(1), 107–110 (2003a). doi:10.1023/a:1025563420343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, F.S., Liu, R., Fan, Q., Feng, X.: Identification of the magnetic cloud boundary layers. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A6), 1263 (2003b). doi:10.1029/2002ja009511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, F.S., Liu, R., Feng, X., Zhong, D., Yang, F.: Magnetic structures inside boundary layers of magnetic clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30(24), 2283 (2003c). doi:10.1029/2003gl018116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, F.S., Zhong, D., Feng, X., Yang, F.: WIND observations of plasma waves inside the magnetic cloud boundary layers. Chin. Sci. Bull. 50(17), 1906–1911 (2005). doi:10.1360/982004-577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson III, L.B., Cattell, C., Kellogg, P.J., Goetz, K., Kersten, K., Hanson, L., MacGregor, R., Kasper, J.C.: Waves in interplanetary shocks: a WIND/WAVES study. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99(4), 041101 (2007). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.041101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, X., Wei, F., Feng, X.: Observations of reconnection exhausts associated with large-scale current sheets within a complex ICME at 1 AU. J. Geophys. Res. 116(A5), A05105 (2011). doi:10.1029/2010ja016159

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelenyi, L.M., Lominadze, J.G., Taktakishvili, A.L.: Generation of the energetic proton and electron bursts in planetary magnetotails. J. Geophys. Res. 95(A4), 3883–3891 (1990). doi:10.1029/JA095iA04p03883

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yi Wang .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wang, Y. (2016). Introduction. In: Magnetic Cloud Boundary Layers and Magnetic Reconnection. Springer Theses. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48310-7_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics