Abstract
According to the second Friedmann equation, the expansion rate of a universe made of ordinary matter with \(\rho + P > 0\) must decelerate, i.e. \(\ddot{a}<0\). However, this is not what we observe. The Universe seems to be in a phase of accelerating expansion. The origin of this phenomenon is currently unknown. Observations may be explained with a tiny but positive cosmological constant. The phenomenon might also be caused by some exotic stuff uniformly distributed over the whole Universe, generically called dark energy, which has the unusual equation of state \(\rho \approx - P\). It is also possible that there is no cosmological constant or exotic fluid, but that a modification of General Relativity at cosmologically large scales is necessary. If we believe in the dark energy hypothesis, such an exotic stuff would today contribute to about 70 % of the total energy budget of the Universe.
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Bambi, C., Dolgov, A.D. (2016). Dark Energy. In: Introduction to Particle Cosmology. UNITEXT for Physics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48078-6_11
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