Skip to main content

Guidelines for the Management of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pancreatic Cancer
  • 1751 Accesses

Abstract

Pancreatic cystic neoplasms are far more frequent than previously expected. Increased awareness and usage of cross-sectional imaging studies are increasing the incidental detection. Most of them are asymptomatic, but some are associated with malignancy or malignant potential. Since the incidental cystic neoplasms pose a challenge in the clinical management, at least eight guidelines, white papers or statements have been published. Some of them deal with all kinds of pancreatic cystic neoplasms, and the others concern only mucinous lesions, because intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) and mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) are of considerable interest and arouse much controversy over their diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance. This chapter outlines the characteristics of each guideline previously issued, particularly focusing on the clinical management of these mucinous lesions. Moreover, the International Association of Pancreatology consensus guidelines are discussed a little more in detail with future perspectives on surveillance of IPMN, the most controversial point among the various guidelines.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Matsubara S, Tada M, Akahane M, Yagioka H, Kogure H, Sasaki T, et al. Incidental pancreatic cysts found by magnetic resonance imaging and their relationship with pancreatic cancer. Pancreas. 2012;41:1241–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Laffan TA, Horton KM, Klein AP, Berlanstein B, Siegelman SS, Kawamoto S, et al. Prevalence of unsuspected pancreatic cysts on MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;191:802–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. de Jong K, Nio CY, Hermans JJ, Dijkgraaf MG, Gouma DJ, van Eijck CH, et al. High prevalence of pancreatic cysts detected by screening magnetic resonance imaging examinations. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8:806–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lee HJ, Kim MJ, Choi JY, Hong HS, Kim KA. Relative accuracy of CT and MRI in the differentiation of benign from malignant pancreatic cystic lesions. Clin Radiol. 2011;66:315–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Zhang XM, Mitchell DG, Dohke M, Holland GA, Parker L. Pancreatic cysts: depiction on single shot fast spin-echo MR images. Radiology. 2002;223:547–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Reid-Lombardo KM, St Sauver J, Li Z, Ahrens WA, Unni KK, Que FG, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1984–2005: a population study. Pancreas. 2008;37:139–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Jacobson BC, Baron TH, Douglas G, Adler DG, Davila RE, Egan J, et al. ASGE guideline: the role of endoscopy in the diagnosis and the management of cystic lesions and inflammatory fluid collections of the pancreas. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;61:363–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Khalid A, Brugge W. ACG Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of neoplastic pancreatic cysts. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:2339–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Jang JY, Kim SW, Lee SE, Yang SH, Lee KU, Lee YJ, et al. Treatment guidelines for branch duct type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: when can we operate or observe? Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:199–205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Berland LL, Silverman SG, Gore RM, Mayo-Smith WW, Megibow AJ, Yee J, et al. Managing incidental findings on abdominal CT: white paper of the ACR incidental findings committee. J Am Coll Radiol. 2010;7:754–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Del Chiaro M, Verbeke C, Salvia R, Klöppel G, Werner J, McKay C, European Study Group on Cystic Tumours of the Pancreas, et al. European experts consensus statement on cystic tumours of the pancreas. Dig Liver Dis. 2013;45:703–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists and Endoscopists, Italian Association for the Study of the Pancreas, Buscarini E, Pezzilli R, Cannizzaro R, De Angelis C, Gion M, Morana G, Cystic Pancreatic Neoplasm Study Group, et al. Italian consensus guidelines for the diagnostic work-up and follow-up of cystic pancreatic neoplasms. Dig Liver Dis. 2014;46:479–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Scheiman JM, Hwang JH, Moayyedi P. American Gastroenterological Association technical review on the diagnosis and management of asymptomatic neoplastic pancreatic cysts. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:824–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Vege SS, Ziring B, Jain R, Moayyedi P, Clinical Guidelines Committee, American Gastroenterology Association. American gastroenterological association institute guideline on the diagnosis and management of asymptomatic neoplastic pancreatic cysts. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:819–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Tanaka M, Chari S, Adsay V, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Falconi M, Shimizu M, et al. International Association of Pancreatology: international consensus guidelines for management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Pancreatology. 2006;6:17–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Tanaka M, Fernández-del Castillo C, Adsay V, Chari S, Falconi M, Jang JY, et al. International Association of Pancreatology: international consensus guidelines 2012 for the management of IPMN and MCN of the pancreas. Pancreatology. 2012;12:183–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Sadakari Y, Ienaga J, Kobayashi K, Miyasaka Y, Takahata S, Nakamura M, et al. Cyst size indicates malignant transformation in branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas without mural nodules. Pancreas. 2010;39:232–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Tanaka M. Controversies in the management of pancreatic IPMN. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;8:56–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Aso T, Ohtsuka T, Matsunaga T, Kimura H, Watanabe Y, Tamura K, et al. “High-risk stigmata” of the 2012 international consensus guidelines correlate with the malignant grade of branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Pancreas. 2014;43:1239–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Goh BK, Tan DM, Thng CH, Lee SY, Low AS, Chan CY, et al. Are the Sendai and Fukuoka Consensus Guidelines for cystic mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas useful in the initial triage of all suspected pancreatic cystic neoplasms? A single-institution experience with 317 surgically-treated patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2014;21:1919–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kim KW, Park SH, Pyo J, Yoon SH, Byun JH, Lee MG, et al. Imaging features to distinguish malignant and benign branch-duct type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2014;259:72–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Fritz S, Klauss M, Bergmann F, Hackert T, Hartwig W, Strobel O, et al. Small (Sendai negative) branch-duct IPMNs: not harmless. Ann Surg. 2012;256:313–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Wong J, Weber J, Centeno BA, Vignesh S, Harris CL, Klapman JB, et al. High-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma are frequent in side-branch intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm measuring less than 3 cm on endoscopic ultrasound. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17:78–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Anand N, Sampath K, Wu BU. Cyst features and risk of malignancy in IPMNs of the pancreas: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:913–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Shindo K, Ueda J, Aishima S, Aso A, Ohtsuka T, Takahata S, et al. Small-sized, flat-type invasive branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm: a case report. Case Rep Gastroenterol. 2013;7:449–54.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Shimizu Y, Yamaue H, Maguchi H, Yamao K, Hirono S, Osanai M, et al. Predictors of malignancy in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas: analysis of 310 pancreatic resection patients at multiple high-volume centers. Pancreas. 2013;42:883–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Koshita S, Fujita N, Noda Y, Kobayashi G, Ito K, Horaguchi J, et al. Invasive carcinoma derived from “flat type” branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: impact of classification according to the height of mural nodule on endoscopic ultrasonography. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2015;22:301–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Weinberg BM, Spiegel BM, Tomlinson JS, Farrell JJ. Asymptomatic pancreatic cystic neoplasms: maximizing survival and quality of life using Markov-based clinical nomograms. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:531–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Arlix A, Bournet B, Otal P, Canevet G, Thevenot A, Kirzin S, et al. Long-term clinical and imaging follow-up of nonoperated branch duct form of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Pancreas. 2012;41:295–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Tamura K, Ohtsuka T, Ideno N, Aso T, Kono H, Nagayoshi Y, et al. Unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in the remnant pancreas diagnosed during every-6-month surveillance after resection of branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm: A case report. JOP. 2013;14:450–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Yamaguchi K, Nakamura K, Yokohata K, Shimizu S, Chijiiwa K, Tanaka M. Pancreatic cyst as a sentinel of in situ carcinoma of the pancreas. Report of two cases. Int J Pancreatol. 1997;22(3):227–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Yamaguchi K, Ohuchida J, Ohtsuka T, Nakano K, Tanaka M. Intraductal papillary-mucinous tumor of the pancreas concomitant with ductal carcinoma of the pancreas. Pancreatology. 2002;2(5):484–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Tada M, Kawabe T, Arizumi M, Togawa O, Matsubara S, Yamamoto N, et al. Pancreatic cancer in patients with pancreatic cystic lesions: a prospective study in 197 patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:1265–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Uehara H, Nakaizumi A, Ishikawa O, Iishi H, Tatsumi K, Takakura R, et al. Development of ductal carcinoma of the pancreas during follow-up of branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. Gut. 2008;57:1561–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kuroki T, Tajima Y, Tsuneoka N, Adachi T, Kanematsu T. Combined pancreatic resection and pancreatic duct-navigation surgery for multiple lesions of the pancreas: intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas concomitant with ductal carcinoma of the pancreas. Hepato-Gastroenterology. 2008;55:1830–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sakamoto H, Kitano M, Komaki T, Imai H, Kamata K, Kimura M, et al. Small invasive ductal carcinoma of the pancreas distinct from branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(43):5489–92.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Ingkakul T, Sadakari Y, Ienaga J, Satoh N, Takahata S, Tanaka M. Predictors of the presence of concomitant invasive ductal carcinoma in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. Ann Surg. 2010;251(1):70–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Tanno S, Nakano Y, Koizumi K, Sugiyama Y, Nakamura K, Sasajima J, et al. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in long-term follow-up patients with branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Pancreas. 2010;39:36–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Tanno S, Nakano Y, Sugiyama Y, Nakamura K, Sasajima J, Koizumi K, et al. Incidence of synchronous and metachronous pancreatic carcinoma in 168 patients with branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. Pancreatology. 2010;10:173–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Jarry J, Belleannee G, Rault A, Sa Cunha A, Collet D. Can an intraductal papillary mucinous tumor be a potential indicator of concurrent adenocarcinoma of the pancreas? JOP. 2010;11(1):55–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Mori Y, Ohtsuka T, Tsutsumi K, Yasui T, Sadakari Y, Ueda J, et al. Multifocal pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas concomitant with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas detected by intraoperative pancreatic juice cytology. A case report. JOP. 2010;11(4):389–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kanno A, Satoh K, Hirota M, Hamada S, Umino J, Itoh H, et al. Prediction of invasive carcinoma in branch type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. J Gastroenterol. 2010;45:952–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Yamaguchi K, Kanemitsu S, Hatori T, Maguchi H, Shimizu Y, Tada M, et al. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma derived from IPMN and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma concomitant with IPMN. Pancreas. 2011;40:571–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Maguchi H, Tanno S, Mizuno N, Hanada K, Kobayashi G, Hatori T, et al. Natural history of branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: a multicenter study in Japan. Pancreas. 2011;40:364–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Ohtsuka T, Kono H, Tanabe R, Nagayoshi Y, Mori Y, Sadakari Y, et al. Follow-up study after resection of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas; special references to the multifocal lesions and development of ductal carcinoma in the remnant pancreas. Am J Surg. 2012;204:44–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Khannoussi W, Vullierme MP, Rebours V, Maire F, Hentic O, Aubert A, et al. The long term risk of malignancy in patients with branch duct IPMNs of the pancreas. Pancreatology. 2012;12:198–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Ideno N, Ohtsuka T, Kono H, Fujiwara K, Oda Y, Aishima S, et al. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas with distinct pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas are frequently of gastric subtype. Ann Surg. 2013;258(1):141–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sahora K, Mino-Kenudson M, Brugge W, Thayer SP, Ferrone CR, Sahani D, et al. Branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms: does cyst size change the tip of the scale? A critical analysis of the revised international consensus guidelines in a large single-institutional series. Ann Surg. 2013;258:466–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lafemina J, Katabi N, Klimstra D, Correa-Gallego C, Gaujoux S, Kingham TP, et al. Malignant progression in IPMN: a cohort analysis of patients initially selected for resection or observation. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20:440–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. He J, Cameron JL, Ahuja N, Makary MA, Hirose K, Choti MA, et al. Is it necessary to follow patients after resection of a benign pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm? J Am Coll Surg. 2013;216:657–65.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Ohtsuka T, Ideno N, Aso T, Nagayoshi Y, Kono H, Mori Y, et al. Role of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography for early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma concomitant with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2013;20:356–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Mori Y, Ohtsuka T, Tamura K, Ideno N, Aso T, Kono H, et al. Intraoperative irrigation cytology of the remnant pancreas to detect remnant distinct pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm undergoing partial pancreatectomy. Surgery. 2014;155(1):67–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Kamata K, Kitano M, Kudo M, Sakamoto H, Kadosaka K, Miyata T, et al. Value of EUS in early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Endoscopy. 2014;46(1):22–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Tanaka M. Thirty years of experience with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas: from discovery to international consensus. Digestion. 2014;90(4):265–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Law JK, Wolfgang CL, Weiss MJ, Lennon AM. Concomitant pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a patient with branch-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(27):9200–4.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Takano S, Fukasawa M, Maekawa S, Kadokura M, Miura M, Shindo H, et al. Deep sequencing of cancer-related genes revealed GNAS mutations to be associated with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and its main pancreatic duct dilation. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e98718.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Kawada N, Uehara H, Nagata S, Tsuchishima M, Tsutsumi M, Tomita Y. Imaging morphological changes of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas was associated with its malignant transformation but not with development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology. 2015;15(6):654–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Miyasaka Y, Ohtsuka T, Tamura K, Mori Y, Shindo K, Yamada D, et al. Predictive factors for the metachronous development of high-risk lesions in the remnant pancreas after partial pancreatectomy for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. Ann Surg. 2015; [Epub ahead of print]263:1180–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Ideno N, Ohtsuka T, Matsunaga T, Kimura H, Watanabe Y, Tamura K, et al. Clinical significance of GNAS mutation in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas with concomitant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreas. 2015;44(2):311–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Tanaka M. Current roles of endoscopy in the management of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. Dig Endosc. 2015;27:450–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Sohn TA, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Hruban RH, Fukushima N, Campbell KA, et al. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: an updated experience. Ann Surg. 2004;239(6):788–97.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. White R, D’Angelica M, Katabi N, Tang L, Klimstra D, Fong Y, et al. Fate of the remnant pancreas after resection of noninvasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204(5):987–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of Interest

The author discloses no conflict of interest or funding arrangements related to this chapter article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Masao Tanaka MD, PhD, FACS .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tanaka, M. (2017). Guidelines for the Management of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms. In: Kim, SW., Yamaue, H. (eds) Pancreatic Cancer. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47181-4_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47181-4_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-47180-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-47181-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics