Abstract
The choice of an appropriate technique for the determination of a drug or a mixture of drug compounds is mainly governed by the sample matrix complexity, the analyte concentration, and the sample treatment time. Compared to optical, mass, and thermal methods, electrochemical techniques are especially attractive because they offer unique detection capabilities with remarkable selectivity and sensitivity for a moderate cost [1–17]. The final selection of an analytical technique depends on the intrinsic structure and physicochemical properties of the studied analyte. Potentiometric electrodes have been described for the selective determination of pharmaceuticals, but voltammetric methods are most generally developed due to their inherent high sensitivity and versatility provided that the studied drug compound is electroactive.
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Abbreviations
- [Cu4(apyhist)4]4+ :
-
Cyclic-tetrameric copper (II) species containing the ligand (4 imidazolyl) ethylene-2-amino-1-ethylpyridine
- 5-HT:
-
5-Hydroxytriptamine (serotonin)
- AC:
-
Alternating current
- AChE:
-
Acetylcholinesterase
- ACP:
-
Alternating current polarography
- ACS:
-
Alumina-coated silica
- ACV:
-
Alternating current voltammetry
- AdSV:
-
Adsorptive stripping voltammetry
- AgLAF-AgSAE:
-
Silver liquid amalgam film-silver solid amalgam annular band electrode
- AgNPs:
-
Silver nanoparticles
- AHNSA:
-
4-amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene sulfonic acid
- ARS:
-
Alizarine Red S
- ASV:
-
Adsorptive stripping voltammetry
- BDDE:
-
Boron-doped diamond electrode
- BPPGE:
-
Basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode
- CA:
-
Chronoamperometry
- CAdSV:
-
Cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry
- CC:
-
Chronocoulometry
- CCE:
-
Carbon-ceramic electrode
- CD:
-
Cyclodextrin
- CDP:
-
Cyclodextrin prepolymer
- CE:
-
Carbon electrode
- CFME:
-
Carbon fiber microelectrode
- CILE:
-
Carbon ionic liquid electrode
- Cl:
-
Cardiolipin
- CNF:
-
Carbon nanofiber
- CNT:
-
Carbon nanotube
- CNT-mer:
-
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes bearing terminal monomeric unit
- CNTPE:
-
Carbon nanotube paste electrode
- Co(DMG)2ClPy:
-
Chloro(pyridine)bis(dimethylglyoximato)cobalt(III)
- CoHCNFe:
-
Cobalt hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles
- CPC:
-
Controlled potential coulometry
- CPE:
-
Carbon paste electrode
- CP-TNMCPE:
-
Carbon paste electrode modified by meso-tetrakis(3-methylphenyl) cobalt porphyrin and TiO2 nanoparticles
- CSV:
-
Cathodic stripping voltammetry
- CTS CHIT:
-
Chitosan
- CV:
-
Cyclic voltammetry
- Cys:
-
Cysteine
- D50wx2:
-
Dowex50wx2
- DCP:
-
Direct current polarography
- DDP:
-
3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone
- DME:
-
Dropping mercury electrode
- DMF:
-
Dimethyl formamide
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- DPAdASV:
-
Differential pulse adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry
- DPAdCSV:
-
Differential-pulse adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry
- DPAdSV:
-
Differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry
- DPASV:
-
Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry
- DPAV:
-
Differential pulse anodic voltammetry
- DPE:
-
Diamond paste electrode
- DPP:
-
Differential pulse polarography
- DPSV:
-
Differential pulse stripping voltammetry
- DPV:
-
Differential pulse voltammetry
- dsDNA:
-
Double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid
- DTPS SAM-ME:
-
Au DTPS self-assembled monolayer modified electrode
- EBNBHCNPE:
-
2 2′-[1,2-ethanediylbis (nitriloethylidyne)]-bis-hydroquinone carbon nanotube paste electrode
- ECD:
-
Electrochemical detection
- EIS:
-
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
- EMIMBF4 :
-
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
- EPPGE:
-
Edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode
- ERGO:
-
Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide
- FCDCNTPE:
-
Carbon nanotube paste electrode modified with ferrocene dicarboxylic acid
- FCMCNTPE:
-
Ferrocene modified carbon nanotubes paste electrode
- Fe (III)-SBMCPE:
-
Fe (III) schiff base modified carbon paste electrode
- FeNAZ-CH:
-
Iron ion-doped natrolite zeolite
- FFT CV:
-
Fast Fourier transform cyclic voltammetry
- FIA:
-
Flow injection analysis
- FSCV:
-
Fast scan cyclic voltammetry
- GAMCS NPs:
-
Gold-aminomercaptothiadiazole core-shell nanoparticles
- GCE:
-
Glassy carbon electrode
- GCPE:
-
Glassy carbon paste electrode
- GE AuE:
-
Gold electrode
- GluOx:
-
Glutamate oxidase
- GNMCPE:
-
Gold nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode
- GNP AuNP:
-
Gold nanoparticle
- GNSs:
-
Graphene nanosheets
- GO:
-
Graphene oxide
- GPE:
-
Graphene paste electrode
- GPGE:
-
Gold modified pencil graphite electrode
- Gr GrO:
-
Graphene
- GS:
-
Graphene sheets
- GS-PTCA:
-
Graphene sheets and 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid
- GSR:
-
Graphite silicone rubber
- HMDE:
-
Hanging mercury drop electrode
- HNCMS:
-
Hollow nitrogen-doped carbon microspheres
- HRP HP:
-
Horseradish peroxidase
- IL:
-
Ionic liquid
- ITO:
-
Indium tin oxide
- LAdCV:
-
Linear adsorptive cyclic voltammogram
- LC:
-
Liquid chromatography
- lcys:
-
l-cysteine
- LOD:
-
Limit of detection
- LOQ:
-
Limit of quantification
- LSAdCSV:
-
Linear sweep adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry
- LSP:
-
Linear sweep polarography
- LSV:
-
Linear sweep voltammetry
- m-AgSAE:
-
Mercury meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrode
- MCCE:
-
Modified carbon composite electrode
- MCPE:
-
Modified carbon paste electrode
- ME:
-
Mercury electrode
- Me-CoSal:
-
Cobalt methyl salophen
- MIP:
-
Molecularly imprinted polymer
- MMT-Ca:
-
Montmorillonite-Ca
- MRT:
-
Main residence time
- MWCNT:
-
Multiwalled carbon nanotube
- MWCNT-COOH cMWCNT:
-
Carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes
- MWCNTILEE:
-
Multiwall carbon nanotubes ionic liquid electrode
- MWCNTPE:
-
Multiwalled carbon nanotube paste electrode
- NCPE:
-
Nafion-incorporated carbon paste electrode
- NdHCF:
-
Neodymium hexacyanoferrate film
- N-DHPBMCNTPE:
-
N-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzamide modified carbon nanotube paste electrode
- Nf:
-
Nafion
- NGCE:
-
Nafion-coated glassy carbon electrode
- NiHCF-NP:
-
Nickel hexacyanoferrate nanoparticle
- NiHCF-NP:
-
Nickel hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles
- Ni-NP:
-
Nickel phosphate nanoparticles
- NiONPs:
-
Nickel oxide nanoparticles
- NIP:
-
Non-imprinted polymer
- nPt-MWCNTPE:
-
Pt-nanoparticles modified multiwalled carbon nanotube paste electrode
- NSAIDs:
-
Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs
- o-MWCNT:
-
Oxidized multiwall carbon nanotube
- OPG-CoPc:
-
Ordinary pyrolytic graphite-cobalt phthalocyanine
- p-(AHNSA):
-
Poly(4-amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene sulfonic acid)
- PAA:
-
Poly(acrylic) acid
- p-ABA:
-
p-aminobenzoic acid
- PA-MNPs:
-
PEGylated arginine functionalized magnetic nanoparticles
- p-AMTa:
-
3-Amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole
- PANI PA:
-
Polyaniline
- p-APMCNTPE:
-
Multiwall carbon nanotubes paste electrode modified with p-aminophenol
- p-CACNTPE:
-
p-chloranil-carbon nanotubes paste electrode
- p-CAMCNTPE:
-
Carbon nanotubes paste electrode modified with p-chloranil
- PCFE:
-
Nanocrystalline graphite-like pyrolytic carbon film electrode
- PCPE:
-
Pseudo-carbon paste electrode
- PdNPs:
-
Palladium nanoparticles
- PDR-PGE:
-
Dendrimer modified disposable graphite electrode
- PEDOT:
-
Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)
- PFMCPE:
-
Polymer film modified carbon paste electrode
- PGA:
-
Poly-glutamic acid
- PGE:
-
Pencil graphite electrode
- PIGE:
-
Paraffin wax impregnated graphite electrode
- PMB:
-
Poly(methylene blue)
- PMWCNTPE:
-
Pretreated multiwalled carbon nanotube paste electrode
- PNT:
-
l-diphenylalanine nanotubes
- PoAP:
-
poly(o-aminophenol)
- poly(DA):
-
Diglycolic acid polymer
- poly(PVC):
-
Poly(pyrocatechol violet)
- Polyhis:
-
Polyhistidine
- polyTTBA/PS:
-
Poly [2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene-3′-(p-benzoic acid)] conducting polymer—phosphatidylserine
- polyTTBA:
-
Carboxylic acid group-functionalized conducting polymer
- PPGE:
-
Pretreated pencil graphite electrode
- PSS:
-
poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate-co-acrylic acid)
- PtE:
-
Platinum electrode
- PVF:
-
Poly(vinylferrocenium)
- PyCE:
-
Pyrolytic carbon electrodes
- rGO:
-
Reduced graphene oxide
- RTIL:
-
Room temperature ionic liquids
- SBAP:
-
Poly(2-hydroxy-5-[(4-sulfophenyl)azo]benzoic acid) film
- SDS:
-
Sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SiAlNb:
-
Sol–gel silica
- SiC-NPs:
-
Silicon carbide nanoparticles
- SMDE:
-
Static mercury drop electrode
- SPCE:
-
Screen-printed carbon electrodes
- SPE:
-
Screen-printed electrode
- SPGCE:
-
Screen-printed glassy carbon electrode
- SWAdASV:
-
Square wave adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry
- SWAdCSV:
-
Square-wave adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry
- SWAdSV:
-
Square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry
- SWASV:
-
Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry
- SWCNT:
-
Single walled carbon nanotube
- SWP:
-
Square wave polarography
- SWV:
-
Square wave voltammetry
- TNGCE:
-
Tellurium-nanowire-coated glassy carbon electrodes
- TP:
-
Tast polarography
- Tyr:
-
Tyrosinase
- ZCP:
-
Zero current potentiometry
- ZnSNP:
-
ZnS nanoparticle
- ZnTNP:
-
Zn-tetranaphthaloporphyrin
- ZnTPP:
-
Zn-tetraphenyl porphyrin
- ZnTSPP:
-
Zn-5,10,15,20-tetra(4-sulfophenyl)porphyrin
- β-CD:
-
Beta-cyclodextrin
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Ozkan, S.A., Kauffmann, JM., Zuman, P. (2015). Applications for Drug Assays. In: Electroanalysis in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Monographs in Electrochemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47138-8_9
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