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Pränatale Entwicklung, Geburt und das Neugeborene

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Entwicklungspsychologie im Kindes- und Jugendalter

Zusammenfassung

Man stelle sich folgende Situation vor: Eine Entwicklungspsychologin nähert sich ihrer Versuchsperson in der Absicht, deren Wahrnehmungsfähigkeit und Fähigkeit, aus Erfahrungen zu lernen, zu untersuchen. Zuerst spielt sie der Versuchsperson aus einem Lautsprecher nahe am Ohr ein lautes Schallereignis vor (einen Laut oder einen Ton) und stellt mit Befriedigung fest, dass die Versuchsperson darauf reagiert und sich heftig bewegt; sie schließt daraus, dass die Versuchsperson das Geräusch hören kann. Daraufhin spielt sie denselben Ton immer und immer wieder vor. So wie es jede andere Person im Labor kaum mehr erträgt, denselben Ton andauernd wieder zu hören, so scheint es auch der Versuchsperson zu gehen, die auf die Wiederholungen immer weniger anspricht und schließlich gar keine Reaktion mehr zeigt. Hat die Versuchsperson gelernt, den Ton zu erkennen, oder hat sie sich einfach schlafen gelegt? Um das herauszufinden, präsentiert die Forscherin nun einen anderen Ton, und die Versuchsperson beginnt erneut, sich heftig zu bewegen. Offenbar kann die Versuchsperson neben dem ersten Ton auch erkennen, dass der neue Ton anders beschaffen ist, was als Beleg dafür gelten kann, dass hier ein einfacher Lernprozess abgelaufen ist. Nun will die Forscherin herausfinden, ob die Versuchsperson auch etwas Komplexeres lernen kann und ob das Lernen auch in einer natürlicheren Umgebung funktioniert; sie schickt die Versuchsperson nach Hause und bittet deren Mutter, über einen Zeitraum von sechs Wochen hinweg mehrere Minuten täglich aus einem bekannten Kinderbuch vorzulesen. Denn sie will herausfinden, ob die Versuchsperson die vorgelesenen Passagen später wiedererkennt. Doch bevor die Forscherin wieder mit ihrer Versuchsperson zusammentrifft, passiert etwas ziemlich Einschneidendes: Die Versuchsperson wird geboren!

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Psychology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, PITTSBURGH, Pennsylvania, USA

    Robert Siegler

  2. Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA

    Nancy Eisenberg

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

    Judy DeLoache

  4. Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

    Jenny Saffran

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    Sabina Pauen

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Siegler, R., Eisenberg, N., DeLoache, J., Saffran, J. (2016). Pränatale Entwicklung, Geburt und das Neugeborene. In: Pauen, S. (eds) Entwicklungspsychologie im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47028-2_2

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