Abstract
Metal allergy is thought to be caused by the release of ions from metallic materials. Extensive use of metal in jewelry, coins, surgical instruments, and dental restorations may be responsible for recent increases in allergy incidence. Metal allergic disease is categorized as a delayed-type hypersensitivity, which is developed more than 24 h after exposure to the causal metal. The hallmark of delayed-type hypersensitivity is the recruitment of lymphocytes and inflammatory cells, including T cells and granulocytes, to the site of allergic inflammation. During the development of metal allergy, T cells are known to play a role, and since metal ions are thought to function as haptens, T cell-mediated responses likely contribute to allergic disease. While the involvement of pathogenic T cells in the development of metal allergy has not been explored using animal models, studies utilizing human patient samples have been conducted. T cell clones, both CD4+ and CD8+, have been established from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with metal allergy, and their responsiveness to the causal metal has been analyzed. It was found that metal ions induced proliferation of these T cells in vitro and some of the T cell clones produced IFN-γ or IL-4 after metal stimulation, while others produced both T helper 1- and 2-type cytokines. However, the subset of pathogenic T cells involved in the development of metal allergy and their cytokine profiles remain controversial. Recently, a novel animal model that reproduces human metal allergy has been established. Here we show the pathogenesis of metal allergy in the view of immunological responses using this animal model.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bendiner E (1981) Baron von Pirquet: the aristocrat who discovered and defined allergy. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 16:137, 141, 144 passim
Rajan TV (2003) The Gell-Coombs classification of hypersensitivity reactions: a re-interpretation. Trends Immunol 24:376–379
Gell PGH, Coombs RRA (1963) The classification of allergic reactions underlying disease. In: Coombs RRA, Gells PGH (eds) Clinical aspects of immunology. Blackwell, Oxford
Saint-Mezard P, Rosieres A, Krasteva M, Berard F, Dubois B et al (2004) Allergic contact dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol 14:284–295
Krasteva M, Kehren J, Sayag M, Ducluzeau MT, Dupuis M et al (1999) Contact dermatitis II. Clinical aspects and diagnosis. Eur J Dermatol 9:144–159
Nosbaum A, Vocanson M, Rozieres A, Hennino A, Nicolas JF (2009) Allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol 19:325–332
Mortz CG, Andersen KE (1999) Allergic contact dermatitis in children and adolescents. Contact Dermatitis 41:121–130
Onder M, Adisen E (2008) Patch test results in a Turkish paediatric population. Contact Dermatitis 58:63–65
Brandão MH, Gontijo B (2012) Contact sensitivity to metals (chromium, cobalt and nickel) in childhood. An Bras Dermatol 87:269–276
Schäfer T, Böhler E, Ruhdorfer S, Weigl L, Wessner D et al (2001) Epidemiology of contact allergy in adults. Allergy 56:1192–1196
Rietschel RL, Fowler JFJ (2008) Metals. BC Decker Inc., Hamilton
Ostendrop P (2001) Nickel: hidden in plain sight. Dartmouth.edu [Internet].
Kornik R, Zug KA (2008) Nickel. Dermatitis 19:3–8
Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Menné T (2007) Contact allergy epidemics and their controls. Contact Dermatitis 56:185–195
Vozmediano JM, Hita JCA (2005) Allergic contact dermatitis in children. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol 19(1):42–46
Thyssen JP, Menné T (2010) Metal allergy – a review on exposures, penetration, genetics, prevalence, and clinical implications. Chem Res Toxicol 23:309–318
Ekqvist S, Svedman C, Möller H, Kehler M, Pripp CM et al (2007) High frequency of contact allergy to gold in patients with endovascular coronary stents. Br J Dermatol 157:730–738
Hostynek JJ (2003) Factors determining percutaneous metal absorption. Food Chem Toxicol 41:327–345
Larese F, Gianpietro A, Venier M, Maina G, Renzi N (2007) In vitro percutaneous absorption of metal compounds. Toxicol Lett 170:49–56
Cavani A, De Pità O, Girolomoni G (2007) New aspects of the molecular basis of contact allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 7:404–408
Gamerdinger K, Moulon C, Karp DR, Van Bergen J, Koning F et al (2003) A new type of metal recognition by human T cells: contact residues for peptide-independent bridging of T cell receptor and major histocompatibility complex by nickel. J Exp Med 197:1345–1353
Nielsen NH, Linneberg A, Menné T, Madsen F, Frølund L et al (2001) Persistence of contact allergy among Danish adults: an 8-year follow-up study. Contact Dermatitis 45:350–353
Andersen KE, Johansen JD, Bruze M, Frosch PJ, Goossens A et al (2001) The time-dose-response relationship for elicitation of contact dermatitis in isoeugenol allergic individuals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 170:166–171
Hextall JM, Alagaratnam NJ, Glendinning AK, Holloway DB, Blaikie L et al (2002) Dose-time relationships for elicitation of contact allergy to para-phenylenediamine. Contact Dermatitis 47:96–99
Agner T, Johansen JD, Overgaard L, Vølund A, Basketter D et al (2002) Combined effects of irritants and allergens. Synergistic effects of nickel and sodium lauryl sulfate in nickel-sensitized individuals. Contact Dermatitis 47:21–26
Kaplan DH, Igyártó BZ, Gaspari AA (2012) Early immune events in the induction of allergic contact dermatitis. Nat Rev Immunol 12:114–124
Förster R, Schubel A, Breitfeld D, Kremmer E, Renner-Müller I et al (1999) CCR7 coordinates the primary immune response by establishing functional microenvironments in secondary lymphoid organs. Cell 99:23–33
Itano AA, McSorley SJ, Reinhardt RL, Ehst BD, Ingulli E et al (2003) Distinct dendritic cell populations sequentially present antigen to CD4 T cells and stimulate different aspects of cell-mediated immunity. Immunity 19:47–57
Allenspach EJ, Lemos MP, Porrett PM, Turka LA, Laufer TM (2008) Migratory and lymphoid-resident dendritic cells cooperate to efficiently prime naive CD4 T cells. Immunity 29:795–806
Ohl L, Mohaupt M, Czeloth N, Hintzen G, Kiafard Z et al (2004) CCR7 governs skin dendritic cell migration under inflammatory and steady-state conditions. Immunity 21:279–288
Balato A, Balato N, Di Costanzo L, Ayala F (2011) Contact sensitization in the elderly. Clin Dermatol 29:24–30
Saint-Mezard P, Krasteva M, Chavagnac C, Bosset S, Akiba H et al (2003) Afferent and efferent phases of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) can be induced after a single skin contact with haptens: evidence using a mouse model of primary ACD. J Invest Dermatol 120:641–647
Lidén C, Norberg K (2005) Nickel on the Swedish market. Follow-up after implementation of the Nickel Directive. Contact Dermatitis 52:29–35
Kaaber K, Veien NK, Tjell JC (1978) Low nickel diet in the treatment of patients with chronic nickel dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 98:197–201
Veien NK (2011) Systemic contact dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 50:1445–1456
Hsu JW, Matiz C, Jacob SE (2011) Nickel allergy: localized, id, and systemic manifestations in children. Pediatr Dermatol 28:276–280
Veien NK, Hattel T, Laurberg G (1995) Placebo-controlled oral challenge with cobalt in patients with positive patch tests to cobalt. Contact Dermatitis 33:54–55
Asano Y, Makino T, Norisugi O, Shimizu T (2009) Occupational cobalt induced systemic contact dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol 19:166–167
Stuckert J, Nedorost S (2008) Low-cobalt diet for dyshidrotic eczema patients. Contact Dermatitis 59:361–365
Romero-Brufau S, Best PJ, Holmes DR, Mathew V, Davis MD et al (2012) Outcomes after coronary stent implantation in patients with metal allergy. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 5:220–226
Hansen MB, Johansen JD, Menné T (2003) Chromium allergy: significance of both Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Contact Dermatitis 49:206–212
Yoshihisa Y, Shimizu T (2012) Metal allergy and systemic contact dermatitis: an overview. Dermatol Res Pract 2012:749561
Kaaber K, Veien NK (1977) The significance of chromate ingestion in patients allergic to chromate. Acta Derm Venereol 57:321–323
Veien NK, Hattel T, Laurberg G (1994) Chromate-allergic patients challenged orally with potassium dichromate. Contact Dermatitis 31:137–139
Gao X, He RX, Yan SG, Wu LD (2011) Dermatitis associated with chromium following total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 26:665.e613–666
Merad M, Manz MG, Karsunky H, Wagers A, Peters W et al (2002) Langerhans cells renew in the skin throughout life under steady-state conditions. Nat Immunol 3:1135–1141
Faurschou A, Menné T, Johansen JD, Thyssen JP (2011) Metal allergen of the 21st century – a review on exposure, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of palladium allergy. Contact Dermatitis 64:185–195
Larese Filon F, Uderzo D, Bagnato E (2003) Sensitization to palladium chloride: a 10-year evaluation. Am J Contact Dermat 14:78–81
Hindsén M, Spirén A, Bruze M (2005) Cross-reactivity between nickel and palladium demonstrated by systemic administration of nickel. Contact Dermatitis 53:2–8
Goodacre CJ (1989) Palladium-silver alloys: a review of the literature. J Prosthet Dent 62:34–37
Rebandel P, Rudzki E (1990) Allergy to palladium. Contact Dermatitis 23:121–122
Hackel H, Miller K, Elsner P, Burg G (1991) Unusual combined sensitization to palladium and other metals. Contact Dermatitis 24:131–132
Möller H, Ohlsson K, Linder C, Björkner B, Bruze M (1999) The flare-up reactions after systemic provocation in contact allergy to nickel and gold. Contact Dermatitis 40:200–204
Möller H, Björkner B, Bruze M, Lundqvist K, Wollmer P (1999) Laser Doppler perfusion imaging for the documentation of flare-up in contact allergy to gold. Contact Dermatitis 41:131–135
Summer B, Paul C, Mazoochian F, Rau C, Thomsen M et al (2010) Nickel (Ni) allergic patients with complications to Ni containing joint replacement show preferential IL-17 type reactivity to Ni. Contact Dermatitis 63:15–22
Hashizume H, Seo N, Ito T, Takigawa M, Yagi H (2008) Promiscuous interaction between gold-specific T cells and APCs in gold allergy. J Immunol 181:8096–8102
de Vos G, Abotaga S, Liao Z, Jerschow E, Rosenstreich D (2007) Selective effect of mercury on Th2-type cytokine production in humans. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 29:537–548
Pennino D, Eyerich K, Scarponi C, Carbone T, Eyerich S et al (2010) IL-17 amplifies human contact hypersensitivity by licensing hapten nonspecific Th1 cells to kill autologous keratinocytes. J Immunol 184:4880–4888
Minang JT, Areström I, Troye-Blomberg M, Lundeberg L, Ahlborg N (2006) Nickel, cobalt, chromium, palladium and gold induce a mixed Th1- and Th2-type cytokine response in vitro in subjects with contact allergy to the respective metals. Clin Exp Immunol 146:417–426
Budinger L, Neuser N, Totzke U, Merk HF, Hertl M (2001) Preferential usage of TCR-Vbeta17 by peripheral and cutaneous T cells in nickel-induced contact dermatitis. J Immunol 167:6038–6044
Silvennoinen-Kassinen S, Karvonen J, Ikaheimo I (1998) Restricted and individual usage of T-cell receptor beta-gene variables in nickel-induced CD4+ and CD8+ cells. Scand J Immunol 48:99–102
Peiser M, Tralau T, Heidler J, Api AM, Arts JH et al (2012) Allergic contact dermatitis: epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, in vitro methods and regulatory aspects. Current knowledge assembled at an international workshop at BfR, Germany. Cell Mol Life Sci 69:763–781
Honda T, Egawa G, Grabbe S, Kabashima K (2013) Update of immune events in the murine contact hypersensitivity model: toward the understanding of allergic contact dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 133:303–315
Lepoittevin JP, Karlberg AT (1994) Interactions of allergenic hydroperoxides with proteins: a radical mechanism? Chem Res Toxicol 7:130–133
Lepoittevin JP (2006) Metabolism versus chemical transformation or pro-versus prehaptens? Contact Dermatitis 54:73–74
Martin SF, Esser PR, Weber FC, Jakob T, Freudenberg MA et al (2011) Mechanisms of chemical-induced innate immunity in allergic contact dermatitis. Allergy 66:1152–1163
Schmidt M, Raghavan B, Müller V, Vogl T, Fejer G et al (2010) Crucial role for human Toll-like receptor 4 in the development of contact allergy to nickel. Nat Immunol 11:814–819
Kawano M, Nakayama M, Aoshima Y, Nakamura K, Ono M et al (2014) NKG2D+ IFN-gamma+ CD8+ T cells are responsible for palladium allergy. PLoS One 9(2):e86810
Eguchi T, Kumagai K, Kobayashi H, Shigematsu H, Kitaura K et al (2013) Accumulation of invariant NKT cells into inflamed skin in a novel murine model of nickel allergy. Cell Immunol 284:163–171
Kobayashi H, Kumagai K, Eguchi T, Shigematsu H, Kitaura K et al (2013) Characterization of T cell receptors of Th1 cells infiltrating inflamed skin of a novel murine model of palladium-induced metal allergy. PLoS One 8:e76385
Bour H, Peyron E, Gaucherand M, Garrigue JL, Desvignes C et al (1995) Major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8+ T cells and class II-restricted CD4+ T cells, respectively, mediate and regulate contact sensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene. Eur J Immunol 25:3006–3010
Wong SC, Tan AH, Lam KP (2009) Functional hierarchy and relative contribution of the CD28/B7 and ICOS/B7-H2 costimulatory pathways to T cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity. Cell Immunol 256:64–71
Warnecke G, Chapman SJ, Bushell A, Hernandez-Fuentes M, Wood KJ (2007) Dependency of the trans vivo delayed type hypersensitivity response on the action of regulatory T cells: implications for monitoring transplant tolerance. Transplantation 84:392–399
Friedmann-Morvinski D, Bendavid A, Waks T, Schindler D, Eshhar Z (2005) Redirected primary T cells harboring a chimeric receptor require costimulation for their antigen-specific activation. Blood 105:3087–3093
Hazlett LD, McClellan S, Barrett R, Rudner X (2001) B7/CD28 costimulation is critical in susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal infection: a comparative study using monoclonal antibody blockade and CD28-deficient mice. J Immunol 166:1292–1299
Cerwenka A, Lanier LL (2001) Ligands for natural killer cell receptors: redundancy or specificity. Immunol Rev 181:158–169
Diefenbach A, Tomasello E, Lucas M, Jamieson AM, Hsia JK et al (2002) Selective associations with signaling proteins determine stimulatory versus costimulatory activity of NKG2D. Nat Immunol 3:1142–1149
Wu J, Song Y, Bakker AB, Bauer S, Spies T et al (1999) An activating immunoreceptor complex formed by NKG2D and DAP10. Science 285:730–732
Thierse HJ, Gamerdinger K, Junkes C, Guerreiro N, Weltzien HU (2005) T cell receptor (TCR) interaction with haptens: metal ions as non-classical haptens. Toxicology 209:101–107
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kawano, M., Takeda, Y., Ogasawara, K. (2015). Pathological Analysis of Metal Allergy to Metallic Materials. In: Niinomi, M., Narushima, T., Nakai, M. (eds) Advances in Metallic Biomaterials. Springer Series in Biomaterials Science and Engineering, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46836-4_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46836-4_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-46835-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-46836-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)