Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fundamentals

  • Chapter
Non-Surgical Control of Periodontal Diseases

  • 2265 Accesses

Abstract

A healthy periodontium is essential for the long-term survival of the dentition and for successful restorative dentistry. To maintain periodontal health requires a recognition and understanding of the multiple factors that contribute to the etiology of periodontal disease progression. Most dental and dental implant diseases are plaque induced and, therefore, are infections. Plaque, or microbial biofilm, is a sticky secretion comprised of bacterial cells in a polysaccharide media, which is attached to the teeth and other non-shedding surfaces by a glycocalyx (Fig. 1.1). This biofilm can be toxic to the teeth and the surrounding soft and hard tissues. Intraorally, it is responsible for dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis (Fig. 1.1a–c). Additionally, host susceptibility (host response) to the toxins in dental plaque plays a significant role in the degree of periodontal inflammation and its progression. The body’s immune response mediates the inflammation and always must be taken into consideration when diagnosing and treating periodontal inflammation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Further Reading

  • AAP Position paper: Research, Science and Therapy Committee. Diagnosis of periodontal diseases. J Periodontol. 2003;74:1237–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexandra M. Microbial ecology. New York: Wiley; 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Academy of Periodontology. Report, peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis: a current understanding of their diagnoses and clinical implications. J Periodontol. 2013;84(4):436–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armitage GC. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol. 1999;4:1–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bekkering H, Sailer U. Commentary: coordination of eye and hand in time and space. Prog Brain Res. 2002;140:365–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw DJ, Marsh PD, Allison C, Schilling KM. Effect of oxygen, inoculum composition and flow rate on development of mixed culture oral biofilms. Microbiology. 1996;142:623–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw DJ, Marsh PD, Watson GK, Allison C. Oral anaerobes cannot survive oxygen stress without interacting with aerobic/facultative species as a microbial community. Lett Appl Microbiol. 1997;25:385–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw DJ, Marsh PD, Watson GK, Allison C. Role of Fusobacterium nucleatum and coaggregation in anaerobe survival in planktonic and biofilm oral microbial communities during aeration. Infect Immun. 1998;66(10):4729–32.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Featherstone JD. Dental caries. A dynamic disease process. Aust Dent J. 2008;53(3):286–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Froum SJ. Gingival recession. Prevalence, etiology, prevention, treatment. Dent Today. 1985;4:6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson 3rd FC, Hong C, Chou HH, Yumoto H, Chen J, Lien E, Wong J, Genco CA. Innate immune recognition of invasive bacteria accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation. 2004;109:2801–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glickman I. Inflammation and trauma from occlusion: co-destructive factors in chronic periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 1963;34:5–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grunder U, Hurzeler MB, Schupbach P, et al. Treatment of ligature induced peri-implantitis using guided tissue regeneration: a clinical and histological study in the beagle dog. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 1993;8:282.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haffajee AD1, Socransky SS. Microbiology of periodontal diseases: introduction. Periodontol 2000. 2005;38:9–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschfeld L, Wasserman B. A long term survey of tooth loss in 600 treated periodontal patients. J Periodontol. 1978;49:225–37.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy JE, Polson AM. Experimental marginal periodontitis in squirrel monkeys. J Periodontol. 1973;44:140–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolenbrander PE, Palmer Jr RJ, Rickard AH, Jakubovics NS, Chalmers NI, Diaz PI. Bacterial interactions and successions during plaque development. Periodontol 2000. 2006;42(1):47–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kristen Hallam of Bloomberg writing the story about an article, “Bacteria in brains suggest Alzheimer’s-gum disease link” – Jul 30, 2013 for more information on the article in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwok V, Caton JG. Commentary: prognosis revisited. A system for assigning periodontal prognosis. J Periodontol. 2007;78:2063–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lang NP, Lindhe J. Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. 5th ed. Munksgaard: Blackwell; 2012a. p. 583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang NP, Lindhe J. Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. 5th ed. Munksgaard: Blackwell; 2012b. p. 420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang NP, et al. Do mucositis lesions around implants differ from gingivitis lesions around teeth? J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38S(11):182–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindhe J, Svanberg G. Influence of trauma from occlusion on progression of experimental periodontitis in the beagle dog. J Clin Periodontol. 1974;1:3–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Litonjua LA, Andreana S, Bush PJ, Cohen RE. Toothbrushing and gingival recession. Int Dent J. 2003;53(2):67–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Löe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB. Experimental gingivitis in Man. J Periodontol. 1965;36:177–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Löe H, Anerud A, Boysen H, Morrison E. Natural history of periodontal disease in man. Rapid, moderate and no loss of attachment in Sri Lankan laborers 14 to 46 years of age. J Clin Periodontol. 1986;13(5):431–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McFall Jr WT. Tooth loss in 100 treated patients with periodontal disease: a long term study. J Periodontol. 1982;53:539–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire MK. Prognosis versus actual outcome: a long-term survey of 100 treated periodontal patients under maintenance care. J Periodontol. 1991;62:51–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire MK, Nunn ME. Prognosis versus actual outcome. II. The effectiveness of clinical parameters in developing an accurate prognosis. J Periodontol. 1996;67:658–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller MB, Bassler BL. Quorum sensing in bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2001;55:165–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miriam Webster, and Encyclopedia Britannica Company On line: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/concord.

  • Mombelli A, Lang NP. The diagnosis and treatment of peri-implantitis. Periodontol 2000. 1998;17(1):63–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA. Clinical periodontology. 10th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2006a. p. 1202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA. Clinical periodontology. 10th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2006b. p. 170–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Toole G, Kaplan HB, Kolter R. Biofilm formation as microbial development. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2000;54:49–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Page RC. The role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res. 1991;26:230–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Philstrom BL, Ammons WF. American academy of periodontology: position paper: treatment of gingivitis and periodontitis. J Periodontol. 1997;68:1246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramfjord SP, Ash MM. Significance of occlusion in the etiology in the treatment of early, moderate, and advanced periodontitis. J Periodontol. 1981;52:511–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rickard AH. Cell-cell communication in oral microbial communities. In: Molecular oral microbiology. Norfolk: Caister Academic Press; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruby JD, Cox CF, Akimoto N, Meada N, and Momoi Y. The caries phenomenon: a timeline from witchcraft and superstition to opinions of the 1500s to today’s science. Int J Den. 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savage A, Eaton KA, Moles DR, Needleman I. A systematic review of definitions of periodontitis and methods that have been used to identify this disease. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36(6):458–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Periodontal microbial ecology. Periodontol 2000. 2005;38:135–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Periodontal microbial ecology. Periodontol 2000. 2006;38(1):135–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straub AM, Salvi GE, Lang NP, Attstrom R, Loe H, editors. Proceedings of the European workshop on mechanical plaque control. Chicago: Quintessence; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tibbetts L, Kashiwa H. A histochemical study of plaque mineralization, Abstract # 616. J Dent Res. 1970;19:202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Time Magazine February 23, 2004 cover story on inflammation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waerhaug J. The infrabony pocket and its relationship to trauma from occlusion and subgingival plaque. J Periodontol. 1979;50:355–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilderer PA, Charaklis WG. Structure and function of biofilms Chichester. UK: John Wiley; 1989. p. 5–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zitzmann NU, Berglundh T. Definition and prevalence of peri-implant diseases. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35S:286–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

    Paul A. Levi Jr., Y. Natalie Jeong, Robert J. Rudy & Daniel K. Coleman

Authors
  1. Paul A. Levi Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Y. Natalie Jeong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Robert J. Rudy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Daniel K. Coleman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Levi, P.A., Jeong, Y.N., Rudy, R.J., Coleman, D.K. (2016). Fundamentals. In: Non-Surgical Control of Periodontal Diseases. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46623-0_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46623-0_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-46622-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-46623-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation