Abstract
China has long been a country of many ethnic groups, and more than 50 ethnic groups at present with their ancestors have lived on this land for thousands of years. Except for Russians and several other ethnic groups with smaller population, most ethnic groups are native ethnic groups exclusively from China, and their history can be traced back in written history some 2,000 years ago, which is unique and different from many Western countries.
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Notes
- 1.
China’s territory was first unified in the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC.
- 2.
The Xinhai Revolution (Xinhai Geming), also known as the Revolution of 1911 or the Chinese Revolution, was a revolution that overthrew China’s last imperial dynasty, the Qing (1644–1912). For further details, see Chap. 14.
- 3.
Ibid.
- 4.
Ibid.
- 5.
See Chap. 2 for the derivation of the term Huaxia.
- 6.
Ibid.
- 7.
Chanyu was a name for rulers of the nomadic peoples in Middle Asia. It can be translated into English as “Heaven, Child, immense appearance.”
- 8.
A unit of measurement originally equal to 10 dou (roughly 100 liters) but later equal to 5 dou (roughly 50 liters).
- 9.
Again, the value of 1 jin has changed somewhat over time, but it has always been roughly equal to 500 grams or 1 Chinese pound.
- 10.
Also known as the Uyghur Khanate (ancestors of the modern-day Uyghurs).
- 11.
Yang Shengmin, History of Huihe (Jinlin Education Publishing House,1991), Chap. 1.
- 12.
He was subsequently deposed by his brother, the Jingtai Emperor, for seven years but later returned to the throne, hence the hiatus between 1449 and 1457.
- 13.
The empire was established by Kublai Khan and was the first foreign dynasty to rule over all of China (1271–1368).
- 14.
Wu Yongzhang, History of Chinese Headman System and its Development (Sichuan Nationalities Publishing House, 1998), p. 166.
- 15.
See Chap. 2 for further details.
- 16.
Anti-Dühring, Selected Works of Karl Marx and Engels, Vol. 3 (People’s Publishing House, 1972), p. 223.
- 17.
Haneda, Collection of Historical Articles by Dr. Haneda, History, Vol. 1 (Kyoto: The Society of Oriental Researches, 1957), p. 670.
- 18.
See Chap. 6 for further details of the evolution of the Imperial Examination.
- 19.
Xiao Qiqing, On Chinesization of Mongolians in Yuan Dynasty; Peng Wei, Science of History, Chinese Ancient History, Vol. 2 (Lanzhou University Press, 2000).
- 20.
Chen Yuan, “Study on Chinesization of People in Western Regions,” Chinese Philosophy Quarterly, No 4, Vol. 1, 1923; Yenching Journal, 2nd edition, 1927.
- 21.
A door god is an image traditionally hung on by a doorway to prevent evil spirits from entering the household. The likeness of Yuchi Jingde is usually displayed by a double outer door, opposite that of Qin Shubao (d. 638 AD), another loyal general to Emperor Taizong. A single door may be guarded by a picture of the Tang Chancellor Wei Zheng (580–643 AD) or Zhong Kui, the mythical figure who was said to have 80,000 demons at his command.
- 22.
The Future Results of British Rule in India, Selected Works of Karl Marx and Engels, Vol. 2 (People’s Publishing House, 1972), p. 90.
- 23.
Jian Bozan, Selected Articles on History by Jian Bozan (People’s Publishing House, 1980), p. 114.
- 24.
Socialism and War, The Collected Works of Lenin, Vol. 21 (People’s Publishing House, 1956).
Reference
Jian Bozan. (1980). Selected articles on history by Jian Bozan. Beijing: People’s Publishing House.
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Zhang, Q. (2015). Ethnic Relations in Chinese History. In: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. China Academic Library. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46482-3_5
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