Abstract
The application of international law in national legal systems is a well-established question in legal literature. Both the globalisation and internationalisation of legal systems have given rise to questions that need to be answered legally, by laws and jurisprudence, and in legal literature. The question of the enforcement of inter- or supranational obligations is directly linked to this application. The goal of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) to become a member of the EU has raised the question of the application of supranational law (EU law) in BiH, both in terms of preparing for membership and the country’s status after entering the EU. The Europeanisation of the national constitutions is already taking place. For BiH, this is evident in the signing of the SAA and confirmed by the jurisprudence and literature oriented towards EU law. Formally, the EU is not a state and the treaties are not a constitution. Nevertheless, the European treaties deal with constitutional questions and provide answers in a legally binding way. At the same time, international law has taken on the characteristics of constitutional law. Hence, we have to clarify the relationships between international, supranational and constitutional competences, particularly the competences of the courts, the ECtHR (European Court of Human Rights), the ECJ (European Court of Justice) and national constitutional courts. The need for such clarification is also based on the principle of the effectiveness of legal protection as an integral part of the principle of the rule of law. The complexity of jurisdiction at the multi-system level can be described as ‘conflicts among courts of different levels in networking legal systems’. Other Member States of the EU and their constitutional courts likewise struggle with the hierarchy of norms and clarification of competences, both in terms of EU law and international law. It is remarkable that the Solange decision of the German Constitutional Court of 1974–1986 is used as a model both in jurisprudence and legislation. The key idea here is the ‘model of co-operation’ (Kooperationsverhältnis) instead of extremely divided competences creating a strict hierarchy among different legal systems. Articles 52 and 53 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU guarantee a minimum standard of protection and acknowledge the guarantees provided by the ECHR. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU aims to achieve coherence in the protection of human rights at the different national, supra- and international levels. To this end, the ECJ and ECtHR respect each other’s decisions to ensure the greatest possible coherence of human rights standards by respecting other courts that are responsible for the protection of human rights.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
- 4.
- 5.
Frowein (1987b), pp. 469–485.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
Munding (2010).
- 11.
Sauer (2008).
- 12.
- 13.
Frowein (1987d), pp. 407–431.
- 14.
- 15.
- 16.
Nunner (2009), pp. 50–408.
- 17.
- 18.
- 19.
- 20.
The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina was signed between the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 14 December 1995.
- 21.
Trnka (2006), p. 41.
- 22.
- 23.
- 24.
- 25.
- 26.
Ademović et al. (2012), p. 39.
- 27.
Pobrić (2000), p. 20.
- 28.
Official Gazette BiH, No. 29/2000.
- 29.
The decision on the giving of consent by the Parliamentary Assembly for the signing of the SAA is published in OG BiH, No. 11/08, international agreements supplement.
- 30.
Degan (2000), p. 15.
- 31.
- 32.
- 33.
- 34.
- 35.
- 36.
- 37.
Ademović et al. (2012), p. 38.
- 38.
Steiner and Ademović (2010), p. 154, with further references.
- 39.
Dougan (2007), p. 934.
- 40.
European Court of Human Rights, 22.12.2009, Applications Nos. 27996/06 and 34836/06 (Sejdić and Finci); Kulenović et al. (2010), p. 18.
- 41.
SAA signed on 16.6.2008; OJ of Bosnia and Herzegovina No. 5/08, international agreements.
- 42.
Dougan (2007), p. 934.
- 43.
The development of the practice of the ECJ slowly began with the decision of 12 November 1969, 29/69 - Stauder [1969] ECR 419, para 7; now provided for under Art. 6(3) TEU; Samardžić and Meškić (2012), pp. 11–35.
- 44.
CC, U 7/97 of 22.12.1997.
- 45.
CC, U 7/98 of 26.2.1999.
- 46.
CC, U 40/00, of 2.2.2001.
- 47.
CC, U 5/09 of 25.9.2009, 30.
- 48.
Ibid; Ademović et al. (2012), p. 38.
- 49.
The Interim Agreement was published in the OG BiH international agreements supplement, No. 5/08 and entered into force on 30 June 2008.
- 50.
Vöneky (2009), para. 27.
- 51.
- 52.
Case C-192/89 S. Z. Sevince v. Staatssecretaris van Justitie [1990] I-3461, 9.
- 53.
Ibid.
- 54.
Case C-277/94 Z. Taflan-Met v. Bestuur van de Sociale Verzekeringsbank [1996] I-4085, 18.
- 55.
Case 30/88 Greece v. Commission [1989] I-3711, 16.
- 56.
Schmalenbach (2007).
- 57.
Case C-192/89 S. Z. Sevince v. Staatssecretaris van Justitie [1990] I-3461, 24.
- 58.
Vöneky (2009); K. Schmalenbach, u Ch. Calliess/M. Ruffert, Art. 310, para 34.
- 59.
Vukadinović (2010).
- 60.
OG BiH, No. 48/05; amendments OG BiH Nos. 76/07 and 80/09.
- 61.
Vukadinović (2010).
- 62.
Case 104/81 Hauptzollamt Mainz v. C.A. Kupferberg & Cie KG a.A [1982] 3641, 4.
- 63.
Popović (2010).
- 64.
Rodin (2003).
- 65.
CC, 20.03.2007., AP-379/07, MPA “Posavina promet” d.o.o, para 17; CC, 9.5.2007, AP-813/06, Rahman Selimović, para 17.
- 66.
Steiner and Ademović (2010), p. 165.
- 67.
Ibid, p. 163; See also Marković (2011), p. 344.
- 68.
OG BiH, Nos. 26/04, 7/05, 48/05 and 60/10; OG FBiH, Nos. 43/99, 32/00 and 29/03; OG RS, Nos. 38/00, 40/00, 47/02, 38/03, 66/03, 66/03 and 20/07; OG DB, Nos. 19/06, 19/07 and 25/08.
- 69.
OG FBiH, Nos. 23/99, 45/00, 2/02, 6/02, 29/03, 68/05, 91/07, 84/08, 88/08, 7/09 i 63/10; OG RS, Nos. 127/08, 58/09, 100/11; OG DB, Nos. 11/01, 10/02, 14/02, 1/03, 8/03, 4/04, 19/07, 34/07.
- 70.
Since the break-up of Yugoslavia, this Act (Official Journal of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Nos. 29/78, 39/85, 46/85, 45/89, 57/89) by virtue of succession has remained applicable in two slightly different versions in each entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina: the Obligations Act of Republika Srpska (OJ of Republika Srpska, Nos. 17/93, 57/98, 39/03, 74/04) and the Obligations Act of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (OJ of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Nos. 2/29, 13/93, 13/94 and Official Journal of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, No. 29/03).
- 71.
- 72.
CC BiH, 25.06.2004, U 68/02, para 41.
- 73.
The theory of ‘implied powers’ seeks to make the restrictive interpretation of listed competences more flexible. For the EU, this theory means that institutions have the necessary powers to execute the powers listed in the Treaties; Joint cases 281, 283, 285 and 287/85 Germany v. Commission [1987] I-3203.
- 74.
Case 165/87 Commission v. Council [1988] I-5545; Nettesheim (2003), pp. 389–441.
- 75.
CC BiH, 18.2.2000, U 5/98-II, para 29; CC BiH, 28.09.2001, U-26/01, para 26; CC BiH, 10.5.2002, U 18/00, paras 47 and 51; CC BiH, 28.5.2010, U 12/09, para 31.
- 76.
CC BiH, 28.5.2010, U 12/09, para 31: ‘the State and the Entities have the joint obligation not only to ensure the highest level of protection of human rights but also to guarantee an equal implementation of these rights.’
- 77.
Human Rights Commission within the CC, 13.06.2006, CH/02/12468 et al., para 152.
- 78.
This is suggested by the title of the chapter ‘Concurrent competences’ in Steiner and Ademović (2010), p. 585.
- 79.
E.g. Steiner and Ademović (2010), p. 580; Begić (1997), p. 300; Kurtćehajić and Ibrahimagić (2007), p. 274. For an opposite opinion, see Pobrić (2000), p. 344. With regard to certain responsibilities, authors argue in favour of the exclusive competence of the state, e.g. macroeconomic stability in BiH. See European Commission Delegation to BiH (2003), p. 42.
- 80.
Meškić (2011b), p. 54.
- 81.
CC BiH, 25.06.2004, U 68/02, para 41.
- 82.
Case 15/81 Schul [1982] I-1409, para 33.
- 83.
CC BiH, 5.10.2002, U 18/00 No. 30/02.
- 84.
CC BiH, 28.5.2010, U 12/09, para 30.
- 85.
CC BiH, 18.2.2000, U 5/98-II, para 29.
- 86.
Case C-281/98 Roman Angonese v. Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano [2000] I-4139, para 34; Meškić and Samardžić (2012), p. 297.
- 87.
CC BiH, 28.5.2010, U 12/09, para 30.
- 88.
OG No. 50/08 and 35/09.
- 89.
OJ EU 1997, L 28, p. 1.
- 90.
These are the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979), International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the 1966 and 1989 Optional Protocols thereto (1966).
- 91.
OG BiH, No. 48/05, 76/07 and 80/09.
- 92.
Court of BiH, decision No. S1 3 U 005412 10 Uvl, 15.3.2012., M.R.M. Ljubuški/ASA Auto d.o.o. Sarajevo (ASA Auto); See Meškić (2012).
- 93.
Case 27/76 United Brands [1978] I-207, para 184.
- 94.
Jung (2009), para 153.
- 95.
Brinker (2009), para 36.
- 96.
Case C-418/01 IMS Health [2004] I-5039, para 52; See also the decision of the Commission, 24.3.2004, COMP/C-3/37.792 (Microsoft), para 428; Henning and Stephanie (2005), p. 112.
- 97.
The Supreme Court of Canada (1998), 2.S.C.R; See Alijević (2012).
- 98.
Dicosola (2010).
- 99.
Trnka (2006), p. 346; Dauster (2010), p. 11; Steiner and Ademović (2010), p. 99; Alijević (2010), p. 209; Dobrača (2005), p. 60; Sadiković (2003), p. 13, available at: http://www.soros.org.ba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64%3Austav-bih-ka-novim-rjeenjima&catid=49&Itemid=89&lang=ba. Accessed 15.4.2011.
- 100.
Miljko (2001), p. 39; Trnka (2006), p. 349; Simović (2003), p. 22, available at: http://www.soros.org.ba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64%3Austav-bih-ka-novim-rjeenjima&catid=49&Itemid=89&lang=ba. Accessed 15 April 2011.
- 101.
OJ EU 2010, C 83, 1–388.
- 102.
Commission, 6.11.2007, Bosnia and Herzegovina Progress Report for the year 2007, COM (2007) 663, p. 13.
- 103.
Commission, 6.11.2007, Bosnia and Herzegovina Progress Report for the year 2007, COM (2007) 663, p. 13; Commission, 5.11.2008, Bosnia and Herzegovina Progress Report for the year 2008, COM (2008) 674, p. 13; Commission, 14.10.2009, Bosnia and Herzegovina Progress Report for the year 2009, COM (2009) 533, p. 12; Commission, 9.11.2010, Bosnia and Herzegovina Progress Report for the year 2010, COM (2010) 660, p. 12.
- 104.
Hartley (2003), p. 283.
- 105.
Case C-99/00 Criminal proceedings against Kenny Roland Lyckeskog [2002] I-4839, para 14. On the basis of this judgment, the concrete theory is supported by eg. Karpenstein (2009), para 52; Stanivuković (2009), p. 106; Oppermann et al. (2009), p. 272; Haratsch et al. (2010), p. 247; Supporters of the abstract theory include Hartley (2003), p. 284; Wegener (2007), para 24.
- 106.
Case 107/76 Hoffmann-La Roche AG v. Centrafarm Vertriebsgesellschaft Pharmazeutischer Erzeugnisse mbH [1977] 957, para 5.
- 107.
Stanivuković (2009), p. 106.
- 108.
Priebe (2008), p. 314.
- 109.
Meškić (2011b).
- 110.
Case C-224/01 Gerhard Köbler v. Austria [2003] I-10239, para 31.
- 111.
Venice Commission, Opinion on the need for a judicial institution at the level of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, CDL-INF (98) 17, Strasbourg 1998, available at: http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/1998/CDL-INF%281998%29017-e.asp. Accessed 10 April 2011.
- 112.
BiH Court Act, OG BiH Nos. 29/00, 15/02, 16/02, 24/02, 03/03, 37/03, 42/03, 04/04, 09/04, 35/04, 61/04, 32/07 and 97/09; Consolidated version published in OG BiH No. 49/09.
- 113.
OG BiH No. 63/10.
- 114.
OG BiH No. 53/10.
- 115.
Consumer Protection Act, OG BiH No. 25/06.
- 116.
Competition Act, OG BiH Nos. 48/05 and 76/07; Act on Amendments to the Competition Act, OG BiH No. 80/09.
- 117.
One exception exists, according to Art. 7(2) of the Court Act of BiH, which is constituted by jurisdiction over criminal acts established by the criminal laws of the entities and the District of Brčko, but again with very narrow conditions, namely when such criminal offences endanger the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political independence, national security or international personality of Bosnia and Herzegovina; may have serious repercussions or detrimental consequences to the economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina; may have other detrimental consequences to Bosnia and Herzegovina or may cause serious economic damage or other detrimental consequences beyond the territory of an entity or the District of Brčko of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- 118.
Dauster (2010), p. 12.
- 119.
Meron (2008), pp. 193–201.
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Meškić, Z., Samardžić, D. (2015). The Application of International and EU Law in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In: Rodin, S., Perišin, T. (eds) Judicial Application of International Law in Southeast Europe. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46384-0_7
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