Spiritual Well-Being: An Introduction
- 465 Downloads
Abstract
The word spirit has its root in the Latin word spiritus, meaning breath, and most often refers to a noncorporeal substance differentiated from the material body. Throughout human history, spiritual pursuits have been an essential and integral part of human life at both individual and societal level. From a psychological point of view, Erikson’s eight stages of development suggest that every individual will at some stage of their lives ask questions like “what is the meaning of my life?” and “how do I feel about my life?” Searching for ego integrity thus becomes a key aspect of healthy psychological development. This chapter presents a discussion on why spiritual Well-Being is essential for older adults. A literature review of definitions of spiritual Well-Being, measurement tools, and associated factors shed light on insights to study spiritual Well-Being in a Chinese context.
Keywords
Chinese Context Spiritual Care Health Impact Assessment Spiritual Belief Harmonious RelationshipReferences
- Ardelt, M., Landes, S. D., Gerlach, K. R., & Fox, L. P. (2013). Rediscovering internal strengths of the aged: The beneficial impact of wisdom, mastery, purpose in life, and spirituality on aging well. Positive Psychology (pp. 97–119). Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
- Balboni, T. A., Paulk, M. E., Balboni, M. J., Phelps, A. C., Loggers, E. T., Wright, A. A., & Prigerson, H. G. (2010). Provision of spiritual care to patients with advanced cancer: Associations with medical care and quality of life near death. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28(3), 445–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Becker, M., Vignoles, V. L., Owe, E., Brown, R., Smith, P. B., Easterbrook, M., & Torres, A. (2012). Culture and the distinctiveness motive: Constructing identity in individualistic and collectivistic contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(4), 833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bond, M. H., & K-k, Hwang. (1986). The social psychology of Chinese people. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Brady, M. J., Peterman, A. H., Fitchett, G., Mo, M., & Cella, D. (1999). A case for including spirituality in quality of life measurement in oncology. Psycho-Oncology, 8(5), 417–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Buck, H. G. (2006). Spirituality: Concept analysis and model development. Holistic Nursing Practice, 20(6), 288–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bullis, R. K. (2013). Spirituality in social work practice. UK: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
- Cawley, N. (1997). An exploration of the concept of spirituality. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 31–36.Google Scholar
- Chan, A. M. (2006). The Chinese concepts of Guanxi, Mianzi, Renqing and Bao: Their interrelationships and implications for international business. Paper presented at the Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference. Brisbane, Queensland.Google Scholar
- Chan, C., Ho, P. S. Y., & Chow, E. (2002). A body-mind-spirit model in health: An Eastern approach. Social Work in Health Care, 34(3–4), 261–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chen, C. C., Chen, X. P., & Huang, S. (2013). Chinese Guanxi: An integrative review and new directions for future research. 中国人的关系: 综合文献回顾及未来研究方向. Management and Organization Review, 9(1), 167–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chiu, L., Emblen, J. D., Van Hofwegen, L., Sawatzky, R., & Meyerhoff, H. (2004). An integrative review of the concept of spirituality in the health sciences. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 26(4), 405–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chuengsatiansup, K. (2003). Spirituality and health: An initial proposal to incorporate spiritual health in health impact assessment. Environment Impact Assessment Review, 23(1), 3–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cohen, S. R., Mount, B. M., Tomas, J. J., & Mount, L. F. (1996). Existential Well-Being is an important determinant of quality of life: Evidence from the McGill quality of life questionnaire. Cancer, 77(3), 576–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cross, S. E., Morris, M. L., & Gore, J. S. (2002). Thinking about oneself and others: The relational-interdependent self-construal and social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(3), 399–418. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.82.3.399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- de Jager Meezenbroek, E., Garssen, B., van den Berg, M., van Dierendonck, D., Visser, A., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012). Measuring spirituality as a universal human experience: A review of spirituality questionnaires. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(2), 336–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Delgado, C. (2005). A discussion of the concept of spirituality. Nursing Science Quarterly, 18(2), 157–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Faigin, C. A., & Pargament, K. I. (2011). Strengthened by the spirit: Religion, spirituality, and resilience through adulthood and aging. Resilience in aging (pp. 163–180). Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
- Finkelstein, M. A. (2011). Correlates of individualism and collectivism: Predicting volunteer activity. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 39(5), 597–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Finkelstein, M. A. (2012). Individualism/collectivism and organizational citizenship behavior: An integrative framework. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 40(10), 1633–1643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- George, L. K., Larson, D. B., Koenig, H. G., & McCullough, M. E. (2000). Spirituality and health: What we know, what we need to know. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 102–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gomez, R., & Fisher, J. W. (2003). Domains of spiritual Well-Being and development and validation of the spiritual Well-Being questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(8), 1975–1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gomez, R., & Fisher, J. W. (2005). The spiritual Well-Being questionnaire: Testing for model applicability, measurement and structural equivalencies, and latent mean differences across gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(8), 1383–1393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hearn, S., Saulnier, G., Strayer, J., Glenham, M., Koopman, R., & Marcia, J. E. (2012). Between integrity and despair: Toward construct validation of Erikson’s eighth stage. Journal of Adult Development, 19(1), 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hodge, D. R. (2001). Spiritual assessment: A review of major qualitative methods and a new framework for assessing spirituality. Social Work, 46(3), 203–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hodge, D. R., & McGrew, C. C. (2006). Spirituality, religion, and the interrelationship: A nationally representative study. Journal of Social Work Education, 42(3), 637–654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hodge, D. R., & Williams, T. R. (2002). Assessing African American spirituality with spiritual ecomaps. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 83(5), 585–595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Howden, J. (1992). Development and psychometric characteristics of the spirituality assessment scale. (Ph.D.), Texas Woman’s University, Houston.Google Scholar
- Hu, L., Li, J., Wang, X., Payne, S., Chen, Y., & Mei, Q. (2014). Prior study of cross-cultural validation of McGill quality-of-life questionnaire in Mainland Mandarin Chinese Patients with cancer. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 1049909114537400.Google Scholar
- Hwang, K. (1987). Face and favor: The Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology, 92(4), 944–974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hwang, K. (1998). Guanxi and mientze: Conflict resolution in Chinese society. Intercultural Communication Studies, 7, 17–42.Google Scholar
- Idler, E. (2014). Religion and spirituality as social determinants of health over the life course. Paper presented at the 142nd APHA annual meeting and exposition, 15–19 Nov 2014.Google Scholar
- Jones, J. M., McPherson, C. J., Zimmermann, C., Rodin, G., Le, L. W., & Cohen, S. R. (2011). Assessing agreement between terminally ill cancer patients’ reports of their quality of life and family caregiver and palliative care physician proxy ratings. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 42(3), 354–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- King, M., Speck, P., & Thomas, A. (1995). The royal free interview for religious and spiritual beliefs: Development and standardization. Psychological Medicine, 25(06), 1125–1134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- King, M., Speck, P., & Thomas, A. (2001). The royal free interview for spiritual and religious beliefs: Development and validation of a self-report version. Psychological Medicine, 31(06), 1015–1023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Koenig, H. G. (2013). Spirituality in patient care: Why, how, when, and what. US: Templeton Foundation Press.Google Scholar
- Koenig, H. G., George, L. K., & Titus, P. (2004). Religion, spirituality, and health in medically ill hospitalized older patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(4), 554–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lam, C. M. (2001). Adolescent development in the context of Canadian–Chinese immigrant families. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences.Google Scholar
- Lam, C. S., Tsang, H. W., Corrigan, P. W., Lee, Y.-T., Angell, B., Shi, K., & Larson, J. E. (2010). Chinese lay theory and mental illness stigma: Implications for research and practices. Journal of Rehabilitation, 76(1), 35.Google Scholar
- Ledbetter, M. F., Smith, L. A., Vosler-Hunter, W. L., & Fischer, J. D. (1991). An evaluation of the research and clinical usefulness of the spiritual Well-Being scale. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 19(1), 49–55.Google Scholar
- Legge, J. (2009). The confucian analects, the great learning & the doctrine of the mean. New York: Cosimo, Inc.Google Scholar
- Leung, T. K., & Chan, R. Y. (2003). Face, favour and positioning—a Chinese power game. European Journal of Marketing, 37(11/12), 1575–1598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Liu, C. J., Hsiung, P. C., Chang, K. J., Liu, Y. F., Wang, K. C., Hsiao, F. H., & Chan, C. L. (2008). A study on the efficacy of body–mind–spirit group therapy for patients with breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(19), 2539–2549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lo, R. S., Woo, J., Zhoc, K. C., Li, C. Y., Yeo, W., Johnson, P., & Mak, Y. (2001). Cross-cultural validation of the McGill quality of life questionnaire in Hong Kong Chinese. Palliative Medicine, 15(5), 387–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lou, V. W. Q. (1999). Stress and mental health of secondary school students in Shanghai: the effects of collectivism and Guanxi. PhD, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.Google Scholar
- Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Martsolf, D. S., & Mickley, J. R. (1998). The concept of spirituality in nursing theories: Differing world-views and extent of focus. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 27(2), 294–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Maselko, J., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2006). Gender differences in religious practices, spiritual experiences and health: Results from the US General Social Survey. Social Science and Medicine, 62(11), 2848–2860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McSherry, W., & Draper, P. (1998). The debates emerging from the literature surrounding the concept of spirituality as applied to nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 27(4), 683–691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Morton, W. S., & Lewis, C. M. (2005). China: Its history and culture. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
- Musa, A. S., & Pevalin, D. J. (2012). An Arabic version of the spiritual Well-Being scale. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 22(2), 119–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ng, S., Yau, J. K., Chan, C. L., Chan, C. H., & Ho, D. Y. (2005). The measurement of body-mind-spirit Well-Being: Toward multidimensionality and transcultural applicability. Social Work in Health Care, 41(1), 33–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- O’Brien, M. E. (2013). Spirituality in nursing. Burlington: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.Google Scholar
- Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Paloutzian, R., & Ellison, C. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual Well-Being, and quality of life. In: L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 224–237). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
- Pesut, B., Fowler, M., Taylor, E. J., Reimer-Kirkham, S., & Sawatzky, R. (2008). Conceptualising spirituality and religion for healthcare. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(21), 2803–2810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Peterman, A. H., Fitchett, G., Brady, M. J., Hernandez, L., & Cella, D. (2002). Measuring spiritual Well-Being in people with cancer: the functional assessment of chronic illness therapy—Spiritual Well-Being Scale (FACIT-Sp). Annals of behavioral medicine, 24(1), 49–58.Google Scholar
- Reed, P. G. (1991). Self-transcendence and mental health in oldest-old adults. Nursing Research, 40(1), 5–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Reed, P. G. (2003). Theory of self-transcendence. Middle Range Theory for Nursing, 145–165.Google Scholar
- Seeman, T. E., Dubin, L. F., & Seeman, M. (2003). Religiosity/spirituality and health: A critical review of the evidence for biological pathways. American Psychologist, 58(1), 53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shahabi, L., Powell, L. H., Musick, M. A., Pargament, K. I., Thoresen, C. E., Williams, D., & Ory, M. A. (2002). Correlates of self-perceptions of spirituality in American adults. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(1), 59–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Shek, D. T. L. (2010). The spirituality of the Chinese people: A critical review. In: M. H. Bond (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 343–366). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Su, S. K., Chiu, C. Y., Hong, Y. Y., Leung, K., Peng, K., & Morris, M. W. (1999). Self organization and social organization: American and Chinese constructions. In T. R. Tyler, R. Kramer & O. John (Eds.), The psychology of the social self (pp. 193–222). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
- Tornstam, L. (2005). Gerotranscendence: A developmental theory of positive aging. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
- Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism & collectivism. Colorado: Westview Press.Google Scholar
- Tuck, I., & Anderson, L. (2014). Forgiveness, flourishing, and resilience: The influences of expressions of spirituality on mental health recovery. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 35(4), 277–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- United Nations. (2010). The ageing of the world population. New York: Division for Social Policy and Development (DSPD), United Nations.Google Scholar
- Vallurupalli, M. M., Lauderdale, M. K., Balboni, M. J., Phelps, A. C., Block, S. D., Ng, A. K., & Balboni, T. A. (2012). The role of spirituality and religious coping in the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative radiation therapy. The Journal of Supportive Oncology, 10(2), 81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wang, C.-W., Chan, C., Ng, S.-M., & Ho, A. (2008). The impact of spirituality on health-related quality of life among Chinese older adults with vision impairment. Aging and Mental Health, 12(2), 267–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Yan, J. F. (2013). From Zhishan to Yuanshan. Journal of Changchun University of Science and Technology (Social Sciences Edition), 26(12), 47–50.Google Scholar
- Yang, K.-S. (1995). Chinese social orientation: An integrative analysis. Chinese Societies and Mental Health, 19–39.Google Scholar
- Zhang, L. (2005). Prediction of Chinese life satisfaction: Contribution of collective self-esteem. International Journal of Psychology, 40(3), 189–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar