Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Laser Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Materials pp 273–301Cite as

Nano/Micron W–Cu Composites by Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) Additive Manufacturing (AM): Unique Laser-Induced Metallurgical Behavior of Insoluble System

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

The densification behavior and attendant microstructural characteristics of the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS)-processed nano/micron W–Cu composites under different processing conditions were investigated. The methods for improving the controllability of laser processing were elucidated. A “linear energy density (LED)” parameter, which was defined by the ratio of laser power to scan speed, was used to tailor the powder melting mechanisms. It showed that using a suitable LED between ~ 13 and ~ 19 kJ/m combined with a scan speed less than 0.06 m/s led to a continuous melting of the Cu component, yielding a sound densification rate without any balling phenomenon. A “volumetric energy density (VED)” parameter was defined to facilitate the integrated process control by considering the combined effect of various processing parameters. It was found that setting the VED within ~ 0.6 and ~ 0.8 kJ/mm3 favored a better yield of high-density DMLS parts. The influence of Cu-liquid content on densification and microstructures of DMLS-processed nano/micron W–Cu was also studied. It showed that at a suitable Cu elemental content of 60 wt.%, a series of regularly shaped W-rim/Cu-core structures were formed after DMLS processing. The metallurgical mechanisms for the formation of such a novel structure were proposed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Maneshian MH, Simchi A, Hesabi ZR (2007) Structural changes during synthesizing of nanostructured W–20 wt.% Cu composite powder by mechanical alloying. Mater Sci Eng A 445–446:86–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ozer O, Missiaen JM, Lay S et al (2007) Processing of tungsten/copper materials from W–CuO powder mixtures. Mater Sci Eng A 460–461:525–531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kim DG, Kim GS, Suk MJ et al (2004) Effect of heating rate on microstructural homogeneity of sintered W–15 wt%Cu nanocomposite fabricated from W–CuO powder mixture. Scr Mater 51(7):677–681

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. da Costa FA, da Silva AGP, Gomes UU (2003) The influence of the dispersion technique on the characteristics of the W–Cu powders and on the sintering behavior. Powder Technol 134(1–2):123–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Zhou ZJ, Kwon YS (2005) Fabrication of W–Cu composite by resistance sintering under ultra-high pressure. J Mater Process Technol 168(1):107–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. German RM, Hens KF, Johnson JL (1994) Powder metallurgy processing of thermal management materials for microelectronic applications. Int J Powder Metall 30(2):205–215

    Google Scholar 

  7. Johnson JL, Brezovsky JJ, German RM (2005) Effect of liquid content on distortion and rearrangement densification of liquid-phase-sintered W–Cu. Metall Mater Trans A 36A(6):1557–1565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Johnson JL, Brezovsky JJ, German RM (2005) Effects of tungsten particle size and copper content on densification of liquid-phase-sintered W–Cu. Metall Mater Trans A 36A(10):2807–2814

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Alam SN (2006) Synthesis and characterization of W–Cu nanocomposites developed by mechanical alloying. Mater Sci Eng A 433(1–2):161–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Yoon ES, Lee JS, Oh ST et al (2002) Microstructure and sintering behavior of W–Cu nanocomposite powder produced by thermo-chemical process. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 20(3):201–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Kim DG, Lee BH, Oh ST et al (2005) Mechanochemical process for W–15 wt.%Cu nanocomposite powders with WO3–CuO powder mixture and its sintering characteristics. Mater Sci Eng A 395(1–2):333–337

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Williams JM, Adewunmi A, Schek RM et al (2005) Bone tissue engineering using polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via selective laser sintering. Biomaterials 26(23):4817–4827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Yang MC, Song ZZ, Lu K (2004) Synthesis of W–20 %Cu nanocomposite powders. Acta Metall Sin 40(6):639–642

    Google Scholar 

  14. Simchi A, Pohl H (2003) Effects of laser sintering processing parameters on the microstructure and densification of iron powder. Mater Sci Eng A 359(1–2):119–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Agarwala M, Bourell D, Beaman J et al (1995) Direct selective laser sintering of metals. Rapid Prototyp J 1(1):26–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Niu HJ, Chang ITH (1999) Instability of scan tracks of selective laser sintering of high speed steel powder. Scr Mater 41(11):1229–1234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Zhu HH, Lu L, Fuh JYH (2004) Influence of binder’s liquid volume fraction on direct laser sintering of metallic powder. Mater Sci Eng A 371(1–2):170–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Yuan ZF, Ke JJ, Li J (2006) Surface tension of metals and alloys. Science Press, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  19. Takamichi I, Roderick ILG (1993) The physical properties of liquid metals. Clarendon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  20. Anestiev LA, Froyen L (1999) Model of the primary rearrangement processes at liquid phase sintering and selective laser sintering due to biparticle interactions. J Appl Phys 86(7):4008–4017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Niu HJ, Chang ITH (1999) Selective laser sintering of gas and water atomized high speed steel powders. Scr Mater 41(1):25–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lampa C, Kaplan AFH, Resch M et al (1998) Fluid flow and resolidification in deep penetration laser welding. Laser Eng 7(3–4):241–252

    Google Scholar 

  23. Fischer P, Romano V, Weber HP et al (2003) Sintering of commercially pure titanium powder with a Nd:YAG laser source. Acta Mater 51(6):1651–1662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Gu DD, Shen YF, Liu MC et al (2004) Numerical simulations of temperature field in direct metal laser sintering process. Trans Nanjing Univ Aeronaut Astronaut 21(3):225–233

    Google Scholar 

  25. Dingal S, Pradhan TR, Sundar JKS et al (2008) The application of Taguchi’s method in the experimental investigation of the laser sintering process. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 38(9–10):904–914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Tolochko N, Mozzharov S, Laoui T et al (2003) Selective laser sintering of single- and two-component metal powders. Rapid Prototyp J 9(2):68–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Niu HJ, Chang ITH (1998) Liquid phase sintering of M3/2 high speed steel by selective laser sintering. Scr Mater 39(1):67–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Yin HB, Emi T (2003) Marangoni flow at the gas/melt interface of steel. Metall Mater Trans B 34(5):483–493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Arafune K, Hirata A (1999) Thermal and solutal Marangoni convection in In-Ga-Sb system. J Cryst Growth 197(4):811–817

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Gu DD, Shen YF (2006) Influence of phosphorus element on direct laser sintering of multicomponent Cu-based metal powder. Metall Mater Trans B 37(6):967–977

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Wu MH, Ludwig A, Ratke L (2003) Modelling the solidification of hypermonotectic alloys. Model Simul Mater Sci Eng 11(5):755–769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Dong WC, Lu SP, Li DZ et al (2008) Numerical simulation of effects of the minor active-element oxygen on the Marangoni convection and the weld shape. Acta Metall Sin 44(2):249–256

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China

    Prof. Dr. Dongdong Gu

Authors
  1. Prof. Dr. Dongdong Gu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dongdong Gu .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gu, D. (2015). Nano/Micron W–Cu Composites by Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) Additive Manufacturing (AM): Unique Laser-Induced Metallurgical Behavior of Insoluble System. In: Laser Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Materials. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46089-4_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46089-4_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-46088-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-46089-4

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation