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Wrongful Convictions in China pp 259–289Cite as

New Strategies for the Better Prevention of Wrongful Convictions in China

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Abstract

In the recent decade, Chinese authorities have undertaken a series of legislative and judicial reforms to prevent wrongful convictions. However, the frequent occurrence of such convictions, in spite of several previous rounds of reform, repeatedly reveals the major deficiencies of the current reforms.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Checking Twelve Major Injustices that Were Corrected in 2014: A Need for Ten Years on Average to Correct Errors [pandian erling yisi NIAN jiuzheng shier qi zhongda yuan’an jiucuo pingjun xu shiNIAN], 163 NEWS [pengpai xinwen wang] (22 December 2014), available at: http://news.163.com/14/1222/19/AE3F9B7C00014SEH.html.

  2. 2.

    See China Focus: Trial reopens for rape-murder case with “convict” executed in 1996, XINHUA (20 November 2014), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2014-11/20/c_133803747.htm.

  3. 3.

    China Voice: Justice comes too late for Huugjilt, XINHUA (17 December 2014), available at: http://en.people.cn/n/2014/1217/c90882-8823796.html.

  4. 4.

    WANG Xiaoyu, The Whole Story of the Huugjilt Case: Another Man Confessed the Course of Murder Nine Years After Huugjilt Being Shot [huge jile tu’an shimo bei qiangbi jiuNIAN hou lingyi nanzi gongshu sharen jingguo], IFENG [fenghuang jujiao] (12 November 2014), available at: http://news.ifeng.com/a/20141112/42452914_0.shtml.

  5. 5.

    See The Journalist Submitted Five Documents for Internal Reference to Promote Rectifying the Huugjilt Case and Hugged Huugjilt’s Parents with Tears after Retrial [jizhe wupian neican zhu huge fan’an zaishen hou yuqi fumu hanlei xiangyong] (16 December 2014), available at: http://www.niurenqushi.com/news/1/17939.html.

  6. 6.

    See Jenn Gidman, Cop Charged With Torture in Teen’s Wrongful Execution, NEWSER (18 December 2014), available at: http://www.newser.com/story/200151/cop-charged-with-torture-in-teens-wrongful-execution.html; also see The Journalist Submitted Five Documents for Internal Reference to Promote Rectifying the Huugjilt Case and Hugged Huugjilt’s Parents with Tears after Retrial [jizhe wupian neican zhu huge fan’an zaishen hou yuqi fumu hanlei xiangyong] (16 December 2014), available at: http://www.niurenqushi.com/news/1/17939.html.

  7. 7.

    WANG Lili, The Inner Mongolia Victim Huugjilt’s Mother: The Judgement Being Sentenced at Trial in Less than One Hour [neimeng gu shouhai zhe huer jile tu muqin tingshen budao yige xiaoshi jiu xuanpan le], QLWB(31 October 2014), available at: http://www.qlwb.com.cn/2014/1031/239502.shtml.

  8. 8.

    Topic: The Real Murderer of the Huugjilt Case, ZHAO Zhihong, Being Sentenced to Death [zhuanti huge jile tu an zhenxiong zhao zhihong beipan sixing], IFENG (20 November 2014), available at: http://news.ifeng.com/mainland/special/hgjlta/.

  9. 9.

    See The Former Deputy Chief of the Hothot Police: Obvious Traces of Using Trickery or Coercion to Extract Confessions in the Wrongful Conviction of Inner Mongolia [hushi yuan gong’an fu juzhang neimeng yuan’an zhong you mingxian yougong bigong henji], New Culture View [xin wenhua bao](4 November 2014), available at: http://news.china.com/domestic/945/20141104/18926893_1.html.

  10. 10.

    Topic: Zhao Zhihong murderer sentenced to death [zhuanti huge jile tu an zhenxiong zhao zhihong beipan sixing] IFENG (20 November 2014), available at: http://news.ifeng.com/mainland/special/hgjlta/.

  11. 11.

    See China Voice: Justice Comes Too Late for Huugjilt, XINHUA (17 December 2014), available at: http://en.people.cn/n/2014/1217/c90882-8823796.html.

  12. 12.

    See WANG Xiaoyu, The Whole Story of the Huugjilt Case: Another Man Confessed the Course of Murder Nine Years After Huugjilt Being Shot [huge jile tu’an shimo bei qiangbi jiuNIAN hou lingyi nanzi gongshu sharen jingguo], IFENG [fenghuang jujiao] (12 November 2014), available at: http://news.ifeng.com/a/20141112/42452914_0.shtml.

  13. 13.

    See China Focus: Trial reopens for rape-murder case with “convict” executed in 1996, XINHUA [xinhua wang] (20 November 2014), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2014-11/20/c_133803747.htm.

  14. 14.

    MA Shuangyou, MA Shuangyou: Three Points on Explaining Reasons for Holding Those Responsible for the Injustice of Inner Mongolia [ma shuangyou neimeng yuan’an zhuize de sanda jiaodian], 21CCOM (30 January 2015), available at: http://www.21ccom.net/articles/china/gqmq/20150130119812_all.html.

  15. 15.

    See Deadline for death sentence in Fujian murder case extended, South China Morning Post [huanan chenbao] (25 May 2013) available at: http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1245885/deadline-death-sentence-fujian-murder-case-extended.

  16. 16.

    See HUAI Ruogu, NIAN Bin Sued Two Police Officers for Torturing Him to Extract Confessions [nianbin konggao liang ban’an minjing xingxun bigong], JINGHUA TIMES [jinghua shibao] (27 December 2014), available at: http://epaper.jinghua.cn/html/2014-12/27/content_158072.htm.

  17. 17.

    ZHANG Guodong, Defence Lawyers in the Fujian Case of NIAN Bin: All of Prosecutorial Evidence Resulting from Confessions Extorted through Torture [Fujian nianbin an bian’hu lvshi jianfang zhengju jun laizi xingxun bigong], Southern Metropolis Daily [nanfang dushi bao] (8 July 2013), available at: http://news.163.com/13/0708/03/937V7CQP0001124J.html.

  18. 18.

    See Revealing the Crucial Details of NIAN Bin Withdrawing His Confession in the Case: There Is A Doubtful Edition Point in the Video of Interrogations [jiemi nianbin an fan’an guanjian xijie shenxun shipin cun keyi jianjie dian], IFENG [fenghuang wang] (13 September 2014), available at: http://news.ifeng.com/a/20140913/41971755_0.shtml.

  19. 19.

    ZHANG Guodong, Defence Lawyers in the Fujian Case of NIAN Bin: All of Prosecutorial Evidence Resulting from Confessions Extorted through Torture [Fujian nianbin an bian’hu lvshi jianfang zhengju jun laizi xingxun bigong], Southern Metropolis Daily [nanfang dushi bao] (8 July 2013), available at: http://news.163.com/13/0708/03/937V7CQP0001124J.html.

  20. 20.

    See Classic Readings: An Interview with CHEN Ruihua on Why Courts Are Afraid of Acquittals, SINA (1 April 2015), 9 PHOENIX WEEKLY [fenghuang zhoulan] 2015, available at: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_707849470102vt7y.html.

  21. 21.

    Deadline for death sentence in Fujian murder case extended, South China Morning Post [huanan chenbao] (25 May 2013) available at: http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1245885/deadline-death-sentence-fujian-murder-case-extended.

  22. 22.

    See ZHANG Yiqian, Lawyers provide free legal help to exonerate wrongfully convicted individuals, Global Times [huanqiu shibao], (3 December 2014), available at: http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/894844.shtml.

  23. 23.

    See CAO Yin, NIAN faces delay over cash verdict, CHINA DAILY [zhongguo ribao wang] (17 February 2015), available at: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2015-02/17/content_119611701.htm.

  24. 24.

    See SHAO Lirong & ZHU Ling, NIAN Bin becomes a ‘suspect’ again and it is doubted that the police found new evidence within ten days [nianbing zaicheng xianyi ren jingfang shitian zhaodao xin zhengju zaoyi], News Morning [xinwen chengbao] (26 November 2014), available at: http://news.163.com/14/1126/02/ABUN2HS900014Q4P.html.

  25. 25.

    See SUN Zhaoyun, Police officers responsible for handling the case of NIAN Bin: Firmly believing that he is guilty even with mistakes in handling the case then [nianbing an ban’an jingcha dangnian ban’an you xiaci dan jianxin teshi xiongshou], Dahe Daily [dahe bao] (26 November 2014), available at: http://news.qq.com/a/20141126/000952.htm.

  26. 26.

    See ZHANG Jing, Criminal Injustice in China: the Causes and Correction of Wrongful Convictions in the Post-Reform Period, Mphil Thesis (2013, Hong Kong), available at: http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-62375.

  27. 27.

    See The Case of Retrying Huugjilt in Inner Mongolia [neimeng gu hufe jiletu zaishen an], PEOPLE’S COURT DAILY (II) [zhongguo fayuan bao di’er ban] (6 January 2015), available at: http://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2015/01/id/1528580.shtml.

  28. 28.

    For example, see ZHANG Yanling, WANG Shengming Responsed to Wrongful Convictions as Those in the Huugjilt Case: Indicating Judicial Progress [wang shengming huiying hu’ge jiletu an deng yuanjia cuo’an tixian sifa jibu], CHINA [zhongguo wang] (10 March 2015), available at: http://news.china.com.cn/2015lianghui/2015-03/10/content_35012363.htm.

  29. 29.

    See The Case of Retrying Huugjilt in Inner Mongolia [neimeng gu hufe jiletu zaishen an], PEOPLE’S COURT DAILY (II) [zhongguo fayuan bao di’er ban] (6 January 2015), available at: http://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2015/01/id/1528580.shtml; also see WU Ping, ZHOU Quangquan: Promoting Judicial Reforms to Establish A Long-term Mechanism for Preventing Unjust, Wrongful and Erroneous Cases [zhou guangquan tuidong sifa gaige jianli fangfan yuanjia cuo’an changxiao jizhi], JUSTICE [zhengyi wang] (7 March 2015), available at: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5cddd8ed0102vey3.html.

  30. 30.

    See “Swift Handling and Severe Punishment”: The Paradox of “Strike Hard” in the Year of 1983 [congzhong congkuai yijiu basan NIAN yanda de beilun], South City News [nanfang dushi bao], (6 November 2008), available at: http://www.tianshui.com.cn/news/whzx_news/2008110616402862787.htm; also see The Ministry of Public Security Deployed “Strike Hard” Campaigns in the Year of 2010, Lasting Seven Months [gong’an bu bushu erling yiling NIAN yanda zhengzhi xingdong chixu qige yue], China News Net [zhongguo xinwen wang] (13 June 2008), available at: http://news.163.com/10/0613/20/69382G1500014AEE.html; also see The Political Bureau of the Central Committee’s Studying to further Promote Social Stability and Long-Term Governance in Xinjiang [zhongyang zhengzhi ju yanjiu jin yibu tuijin xinjiang shehui wending he changzhi jiu’an gong’zuo], The Central Government Web Portal [zhongyang zhengfu menhu wangzhan] (26 May 2014), available at: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-05/26/content_2687490.htm.

  31. 31.

    See WANG Xiaoyu, The Whole Story of the Huugjilt Case: Another Man Confessed the Course of Murder Nine Years After Huugjilt Being Shot [huge jile tu’an shimo bei qiangbi jiuNIAN hou lingyi nanzi gongshu sharen jingguo], IFENG [fenghuang jujiao] (12 November 2014), available at: http://news.ifeng.com/a/20141112/42452914_0.shtml.

  32. 32.

    GU Yuefei, Policemen Recalled the Details of the Huugjilt Case, Who Were Ever Criticized that “You Cannot Do Anything” [minjing yi hu’an xijie ceng beima nimen shaqiu dou nong bucheng], BEIJING NEWS [xinjing bao] (20 November 2014), available at: http://news.sohu.com/20141120/n406197748.shtml.

  33. 33.

    See The Former Director of the Inner Mongolia Public Security Bureau Who Killed A Person and Kept the Detection Rate to Be 95 % During His Term [neimeng sharen gong’an tingchang rennei po’an lv baifen zhi jiushi wu fasheng huge yuan’an], ORIENTAL TODAY [dangfang jinbao] (23 March 2015), available at: http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2015-03-23/100631634790.shtml.

  34. 34.

    See WANG Yiyin & YIN Hong, Improving Mechanisms for Preventing and Rectifying Wrongful Convictions [jianquan jiufang yuanjia cuo’an jizhi], Guangming Daily [guangming yibao] (15 March 2015), available at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/2015-03/15/content_1928728.htm.

  35. 35.

    See WANG Yiyin & YIN Hong, Improving Mechanisms for Preventing and Rectifying Wrongful Convictions [jianquan jiufang yuanjia cuo’an jizhi], Guangming Daily [guangming yibao] (15 March 2015), available at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/2015-03/15/content_1928728.htm.

  36. 36.

    The Loss of Evidence in the Injustice of Inner Mongolia, New Developments on the Huugjilt Case of the Inner Mongolia Injustice [neimeng yuan’an zhengju diushi neimeng yuan’an huge jile tu an xin jinzhan], KEKEGOLD [keke huangjin wang] (4 November 2014), available at: http://www.kekegold.com/yule/rdxw/2014-11-04/307494.html.

  37. 37.

    See The CCP Central Committee’s Decision on Some Major Issues Concerning the Construction of a Harmonious Socialist Society ([zhonggong zhongyang guanyu goujian shehui zhuyi hexie shehui ruogan zhongda wenti de jueding]), News Agency (18 October 2006), available at: http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64093/64094/4932424.html.

  38. 38.

    See GU Yuefei, Policemen Recalled the Details of the Huugjilt Case, Who Were Ever Criticized that “You Cannot Do Anything” [minjing yi hu’an xijie ceng beima nimen shaqiu dou nong bucheng], BEIJING NEWS [xinjing bao] (20 November 2014), available at: http://news.sohu.com/20141120/n406197748.shtml.

  39. 39.

    See XIE Wenying & YANG Liu, To Prevent Wrongful Convictions Being Prosecutorial Organs’ Duty [yanfang yuanjia cuo’an jiancha jiguan zewu pangdai], Prosecutorial Daily [jiancha ribao] (13 March 2015), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/lianzheng/2015-03/13/c_127577203.htm.

  40. 40.

    See WANG Yiyin & YIN Hong, Improving Mechanisms for Preventing and Rectifying Wrongful Convictions [jianquan jiufang yuanjia cuo’an jizhi], Guangming Daily [guangming yibao] (15 March 2015), available at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/2015-03/15/content_1928728.htm.

  41. 41.

    See CAO Jianming: Exploring Ways to Establish the System of Reviewing Criminal Appeal in A Different Place [cao jianming tansuo jianli xingshi shensu yidi shencha zhidu], China Broadcast Net [zhongguo guangbo wang] (22 January 2015), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-01/22/c_127410291.htm.

  42. 42.

    See WANG Yiyin & YIN Hong, Improving Mechanisms for Preventing and Rectifying Wrongful Convictions [jianquan jiufang yuanjia cuo’an jizhi], Guangming Daily [guangming yibao] (15 March 2015), available at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/2015-03/15/content_1928728.htm.

  43. 43.

    See MAN Zhaoxu & SUN Ying, The SPP and SPC Plan to Further Correct and Prevent Wrongful Convictions in the Year of 2015 [lianggao bushu erling yiwu NIAN jin yibu jiuzheng he fangfan yuanjia zuoan], China Boradcast Net [zhongguo guangbo wang] (23 January 2015), available at: http://china.cnr.cn/ygxw/20150123/t20150123_517507812.shtml.

  44. 44.

    See WANG Lili, The Inner Mongolia Victim Huugjilt’s Mother: The Judgement Being Sentenced at Trial in Less than One Hour [neimeng gu shouhai zhe huer jile tu muqin tingshen budao yige xiaoshi jiu xuanpan le], QLWB (31 October 2014), available at: http://www.qlwb.com.cn/2014/1031/239502.shtml.

  45. 45.

    See ZHANG Yiqian, Lawyers provide free legal help to exonerate wrongfully convicted individuals, Global Times [huanqiu shibao], (3 December 2014), available at: http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/894844.shtml.

  46. 46.

    See FANG Gong, The SPP’s Official Newspaper Discussing the NIAN Bin Case: Justice Officers Need to Often Listen to Counsel’s Opinions [zuigao jian jiguan bao tan nianbin an sifa zhe yao duoting lvshi yijian], Procuratorate Daily [jiancha ribao], People’s Court Daily [renmin fayuan bao], (16 September 2014), available at: http://fj.qq.com/a/20140916/054305.htm.

  47. 47.

    See FANG Gong, The SPP’s Official Newspaper Discussing the NIAN Bin Case: Justice Officers Need to Often Listen to Counsel’s Opinions [zuigao jian jiguan bao tan nianbin an sifa zhe yao duoting lvshi yijian], Procuratorate Daily [jiancha ribao], People’s Court Daily [renmin fayuan bao], (16 September 2014), available at: http://fj.qq.com/a/20140916/054305.htm.

  48. 48.

    For example, see Ten Typical Events in 2014 during China’s Implementing the Rule of Law [erling yisi nian zhongguo fazhi shishi shida dianxing shijian] (2 March 2015), available at: http://law.csu.edu.cn/Secondarypage.aspx?moduleid=0501&id=0daedad4-2c07-468b-b39d-2fe7570e8944.

  49. 49.

    See LIU Wujun, The SPC’s Official Newspaper: Removing the Implied Rule of the Justice System [zuigao fa jiguan bao jianjue qingchu sifa qian guize], People’s Court Daily [renmin fayuan bao], (16 September 2014), available at: http://fj.qq.com/a/20140916/054305.htm.

  50. 50.

    See WANG Haojun, The Presumption of Innocence in the NIAN Bin Case Cannot End with Praising Judges [nianbin an yizui congwu buneng zhiyu biaoyang faguan], Beijing Times [jinghua shibao] (24 August 2014), available at: http://epaper.jinghua.cn/html/2014-08/24/content_119058.htm.

  51. 51.

    See LIU Wujun, The SPC’s Official Newspaper: Removing the Implied Rule of the Justice System [zuigao fa jiguan bao jianjue qingchu sifa qian guize], People’s Court Daily [renmin fayuan bao], (16 September 2014), available at: http://fj.qq.com/a/20140916/054305.htm.

  52. 52.

    See Checking Twelve Major Injustices that Were Corrected in 2014: A Need for Ten Years on Average to Correct Errors [pandian erling yisi NIAN jiuzheng shier qi zhongda yuan’an jiucuo pingjun xu shiNIAN], 163 NEWS [pengpai xinwen wang] (22 December 2014), available at: http://news.163.com/14/1222/19/AE3F9B7C00014SEH.html.

  53. 53.

    See News Agency [Xinhua she], The CPC Central Office and the Office of the State Council Issue the Regulation on Recording, Reporting and Accountability of Leading Cadres’ Intervening in Judicial Activities or Involving Specific Cases [zhonggong zhongyang bangong ting guowu yuan bangong ting yinfa lingdao ganbu sifa huodong chashou juti anjian chuli de jilu tongbao he zeren zhuijiu guiding], Central Government Portals [zhongyang zhengfu menhu wangzhan] (30 March 2015), available at: http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2015-03/30/content_2840521.htm.

  54. 54.

    See The Chinese Communist Party Central Committee’s Decision on Some Major Issues in Comprehensively Promoting the Rule of Law [zhonggong zhongyang guanyu quanmian tuijin yifa zhiguo ruogan zhongda wenti de jueding], XINHUA NET [Xinhua wang] (30 October 2014), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2014-10/30/c_127159908_4.htm.

  55. 55.

    See ZHANG Yang, The MPS: Deepening the Standardized Construction of Law Enforcement and Comprehensively Building the Rule of Law in the Public Security System [gong’an bu shenhua zhifa guifan hua jianse quanmian jianse fazhi gong’an], PEOPLE (20 March 2015), available at: http://hb.people.com.cn/n/2015/0320/c194063-24214098.html.

  56. 56.

    SUN Wen & CHEN Fei, Experts Explain the SPP’s Guideline of Preventing and Correcting Wrongful Convictions in Procuratorial Work of Criminal Enforcement [zhuanjia jiedu guanyu zai xingshi zhixing jiancha gongzuo zhong fangzhi he jiuzheng yuanjia cuo’an de zhidao yijian] XINHUA NET [zinhua wang] (12 February 2015), available at: http://news.163.com/15/0212/21/AI9KGOHO00014JB5.html.

  57. 57.

    SUN Wen & CHEN Fei, New Tactics for Preventing and Correcting Wrongful Convictions with Detailed Rules to Strengthen Supervision [fangyuan jiuyuan chu xinzhao qianghua jiandu you xize], XINHUA NET [zinhua wang] (12 February 2015), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/2015-02/12/c_1114354969.htm.

  58. 58.

    See MAN Zhaoxu & SUN Ying, The SPP and the SPC Plan to Further Correct and Prevent Wrongful Convictions in the Year of 2015 [lianggao bushu erling yiwu NIAN jin yibu jiuzheng he fangfan yuanjia zuoan], China Boradcast Net [zhongguo guangbo wang] (23 January 2015), available at: http://china.cnr.cn/ygxw/20150123/t20150123_517507812.shtml.

  59. 59.

    See ZHOU Lihang & YANG Qing, The SPC issues the Opinion on Fully Deepening Reform of People’s Courts [zuigao fa fabu guanyu quanmian shenhua renmin fayuan gaige de yijian], CHINA COURT [zhongguo fayuan wang] (26 February 2015), available at: http://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2015/02/id/1557989.shtml.

  60. 60.

    See New Agency [xinhua she], Building the Procedural System of Taking Trial as the Center [jianli yi shenpan wei zhongxin de susong zhidu], DAZHONG DAILY [dazhong ribao] (27 February 2015), available at: http://paper.dzwww.com/dzrb/content/20150227/Articel03002MT.htm.

  61. 61.

    See JIA Yang, et al., Major Reforms in Four Aspects including the Categorized Management of the Judicial Personnel [sifa renyuan fenlei guanli deng sixiang zhongda gaige], JCRB (14 March 2015), available at: http://newspaper.jcrb.com/html/2015-03/14/content_181438.htm.

  62. 62.

    See The SPC’s Measures on Listening to Opinions of Defense Lawyers in Reviewing Death Penalty Cases [guanyu banli sixing fuhe anjian tingqu bianhu lvshi yijian de banfa], CHINA COURT (19 January 2015), available at: http://www.chinacourt.org/law/detail/2015/01/id/148088.shtml.

  63. 63.

    See Answering Reporters’ Questions concerning the SPC’s Measures on Listening to Defense Lawyers’ Opinions in the Review of Death Penalty Cases [zuigao renmin fayuan guanyu banli sixing fuhe anjian tingqu bianhu lvshi yijian de banfa da jizhe wen], SPC NET [zuigao yuan wangzhan] (29 January 2015), available at: http://www.court.gov.cn/zixun-xiangqing-13170.html.

  64. 64.

    See ZHAO Gang, Chinese Wrongful Convictions Mainly Result from Tortured Confessions, Lawyers Call for Implementing the Right to Silence [zhongguo yuanjia cuo’an zhuyin shi xingxun bigong lvshi huyu shishi chengmo quan], PENGPAI NEWS NET [pengpai xinwen wang] (16 February 2015), available at: http://news.163.com/15/0216/10/AIIP73GG00014SEH.html.

  65. 65.

    See ZHONG Xin, A Committee Member SHI Jie: During the First Interrogation Lawyers Should be Present [shijie weiyuan di yici xunwen lvshi ying zaichang], CAIXIN NET [caixin wang] (8 March 2015), available at: http://topics.caixin.com/2015-03-08/100789240.html.

  66. 66.

    See WANG Fenghui, Letting the Investigative Power Return to the Standard [rang zhencha quan huigui benwei], PROCURATORIAL DAILY [jiancha ribao] (1 January 2015), available at: http://newspaper.jcrb.com/html/2015-01/01/content_176030.htm.

  67. 67.

    Jennifer Smith & Michael Gompers, Realizing Justice: The Development of Fair Trial Rights in China, 2 CHINESE L. & POL’Y REV. 114 (2007).

  68. 68.

    See Jenn Gidman, Cop Charged With Torture in Teen’s Wrongful Execution, NEWSER (18 December 2014), available at: http://www.newser.com/story/200151/cop-charged-with-torture-in-teens-wrongful-execution.html.

  69. 69.

    See Police torture in China still prevalent despite reforms: Human Rights Watch, (13 May 2014), available at: http://indianexpress.com/article/world/asia/police-torture-in-china-still-prevalent-despite-reforms-human-rights-watch/.

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  1. Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China

    Na Jiang

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Jiang, N. (2016). New Strategies for the Better Prevention of Wrongful Convictions in China. In: Wrongful Convictions in China. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46084-9_9

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