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Wrongful Convictions in China pp 145–174Cite as

The Movement for the Prevention of Wrongful Convictions: How Far Has It Progressed?

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Abstract

The Chinese Government issued a new white paper on judicial reform in 2012 to highlight recent progress on “social fairness, justice and human rights protections”, including advances made in the latest revision to the Criminal Procedure Law of the PRC (2012 CPL).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The Information Office of the State Council, Full Text: Judicial Reform in China, XINHUA (9 October 2012), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-10/09/c_131895159.html.

  2. 2.

    See WANG Zaoguo, WANG Zaoguo’s Explanations on the Draft Amendment to Criminal Procedure Law of the PRC (Memoirs) [wang zaoguo guanyu xingshi susong fa xiuzheng an caoan de shuoming shilu quanwen], CHINA [zhongguo wang] (8 March 2012), available at: http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/lfgz/lfdt/2012-03/09/content_1705698.html.

  3. 3.

    See LI Huizi, Senior Prosecutor Calls for Better Evidence System to Improve Justice, XINHUA (8 August 2009), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/08/content_11848717.html.

  4. 4.

    See LI Guoqing, et al., The Higher People’s Court of Hubei Province Learned Lessons from the SHE Xianglin Case to Strictly Control the Quality of Cases [hubei gaoyuan xiqu she xianglin an jiaoxun yanba anjian zhiliang guan], CHINA COURT [zhongguo fayuan wang] (14 July 2005), available at: http://old.chinacourt.org/html/article/200507/13/169197.shtml.

  5. 5.

    See WANG Xin, Special Planning: the SHE Xianglin Case: Why Does Injustice Become “An Iron Case"? [tebie cehua she xianglin an yuan’an weihe bancheng le tiean], PEOPLE DAILY [renmin ribao] (7 April 2005), available at: http://www.people.com.cn/GB/news/25064/3300177.html; see also CHEN Jieren, The Sample Value of Case SHE Xianglin [she xianglin an de biaoben jiazhi], XINHUA [Xinhua wang] (12 April 2005), available at: http://www.sh.xinhuanet.com/2005-04/12/content_4046287.htm.

  6. 6.

    See WANG Xin, Special Planning: the SHE Xianglin Case: Why Does Injustice Become “An Iron Case”? [tebie cehua she xianglin an yuan’an weihe bancheng le tiean], PEOPLE DAILY [renmin ribao] (7 April 2005), available at: http://www.people.com.cn/GB/news/25064/3300177.html.

  7. 7.

    See Hubei Man Convicted of Wife’s Murder Ten Years Ago Exonerated, CECC (8 April 2005), available at: http://www.cecc.gov/pages/virtualAcad/index.phpd?showsingle=9796.

  8. 8.

    See WANG Gang, The ‘Case Facts’ of SHE Xianglin Reflecting Defects for Chinese Judicial Reform on the Way Again [she xianglin anqing zheshe quehan zhongguo sifa gaige zaici shanglu], CHINA NEWS WEEKLY [zhongguo xinwen zhoukan] (25 April, 2005), available at: http://www.chinanews.com/news/2005/2005-04-25/26/566773.shtml.

  9. 9.

    See WANG Gang, The ‘Case Facts’ of SHE Xianglin Reflecting Defects for Chinese Judicial Reform on the Way Again [she xianglin anqing zheshe quehan zhongguo sifa gaige zaici shanglu], CHINA NEWS WEEKLY [zhongguo xinwen zhoukan] (25 April, 2005), available at: http://www.chinanews.com/news/2005/2005-04-25/26/566773.shtml.

  10. 10.

    See SONG Xiaosong, The Judgement of Acquitting SHE Xianglin Needs to Be Made in Ten More Days’ Pending, [she xianglin wuzui panjue shengxiao xu duodeng shitian], SHANGHAI MORNING POST [xinwen chengbao] (6 April 2005), available at: http://old.jfdaily.com/gb/node2/node17/node33/node56066/node56069/userobject1ai865716.html.

  11. 11.

    It is a very powerful and specialized organ within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in charge of political-legal work that refers to the work basically undertaken by courts, procuratorates and departments of public security in the Chinese context, consequently formerly instructing courts how to handle cases and launching the so-called ‘strike hard’ campaigns on three kinds of crimes many times.

  12. 12.

    See WANG Gang, The ‘Case Facts’ of SHE Xianglin Reflecting Defects for Chinese Judicial Reform on the Way Again [she xianglin anqing zheshe quehan zhongguo sifa gaige zaici shanglu], CHINA NEWS WEEKLY [zhongguo xinwen zhoukan] (25 April 2005), available at: http://www.chinanews.com/news/2005/2005-04-25/26/566773.shtml.

  13. 13.

    See LIU Zhihua, All of Justice Officers Responsible for the Wrongful Conviction of SHE Xianglin due to His Killing Wife in Handling the Case Then Has Been Suspended Their Positions for Investigation [she xianglin shaqi yuan’an dangnian ban’an renyuan quanbu tingzhi diaocha], XINHUA [Xinhua wang] (14 April 2005), available at: http://news.163.com/05/0414/14/1HABLO2H0001122E.html.

  14. 14.

    See Ching-Ching Ni, False Conviction Highlights Legal Flaws in China, THE SEATTLE TIMES (9 April 2005), available at: http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20050409&slug=chinarights09.

  15. 15.

    YANG Zhongxu, Law Professors of Beijing University: Can the SHE Xianglin Case Promote Justice Reforms? [Beijing daxue faxue jiaoshou she xianglin an nengfou zhutui sifa gaige], CHINA NEWS WEEKLY [zhongguo xinwen zhoukan] (25 April 2005), available at: http://www.chinanews.com/news/2005/2005-04-25/26/566779.shtml.

  16. 16.

    See GONG Deyun, An Urgent Need for Due Process during Investigation Behind the Wrongful Conviction of SHE Xianglin [she xianglin yuan’an beihou jidai fazhi goujian de zhengdang zhencha chengxu], Journal of Hunan Public Security College [hunan gong’an gaodeng zhuanke xuexiao xuebao], 2005(4).

  17. 17.

    See LIU Liming, Ideas on Improving the Effect of Identifying Evidence: Discussions from the Case of SHE Xianglin’s Killing His Wife [wanshan bianren zhengju xiaoli zhgi gouxiang], Journal of Political Science and Law [zhengfa xuekan] 2005 (5), available at: http://www.chinanews.com/news/2005/2005-04-25/26/566779.shtml.

  18. 18.

    See YANG Zhongxu, Law Professors of Beijing University: Can the SHE Xianglin Case Promote Justice Reforms? [Beijing daxue faxue jiaoshou she xianglin an nengfou zhutui sifa gaige], China News Weekly [zhongguo xinwen zhoukan] (25 April 2005), available at: http://www.chinanews.com/news/2005/2005-04-25/26/566779.shtml.

  19. 19.

    See LIU PINXIN, CAUSES AND COUNTERMEASURES OF CRIMINAL WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS 155–156 (2009).

  20. 20.

    See LIU PINXIN, CAUSES AND COUNTERMEASURES OF CRIMINAL WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS (2009), 28–29.

  21. 21.

    See ZHENG Li and WANG Zengbo, Legal Thinking on the Synchronous Recording and Video-typing of Functionary Crimes [guanyu zhiwu fanzui tongbu luyin luxiang de falv sikao], SCFZ [Sichuan fazhi wang] (14 September 2013), available at: http://www.scfzw.net/flfwmk/html/90-1/1271.htm.

  22. 22.

    See ZHENG Li and WANG Zengbo, Legal Thinking on the Synchronous Recording and Video-typing of Functionary Crimes [guanyu zhiwu fanzui tongbu luyin luxiang de falv sikao], SCFZ [Sichuan fazhi wang] (14 September 2013), available at: http://www.scfzw.net/flfwmk/html/90-1/1271.htm.

  23. 23.

    See The Opinion of Further Strictly Handling Cases by Law to Ensure the Quality of Death Penalty Cases [guanyu jin yibu yange yifa ban’an quebao banli sixing anjian zhiliang de yijian], XINHUA (12 March 2007), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2007-03/12/content_5833204.htm.

  24. 24.

    See ORGANIC LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S COURTS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, CHINA LAW EDU (18 May 2006), http://www.chinalawedu.com/news/23223/23228/24556.htm.

  25. 25.

    See The SPC’s Regulation on Some Issues of Reviewing Capital Cases [zuigao renmin fayuan guanyu fuhe sixing anjian ruogan wenti de guiding], 66 LAW [hualv wang] (13 August 2012), available at: http://www.66law.cn/topic2010/sxfhdsfjs/75033.shtml.

  26. 26.

    See The SPC’s 1997 Notice of Delegating Higher People’s Courts and the Ministry Court of the People’s Liberation Army to Review Part of Capital Cases [guanyu shouquan gaoji renmin fayuan he jiefang jun junshi fayuan hezhun bufen sixing anjian de tongzhi], provides that from the day when revised the 1997 CL was officially enforced in 1st October 1997, except for those sentenced by the SPC, death sentences in all areas, for the crimes of endangering national security, provided in Chapter One of the 1997 CL, crimes of disrupting the order of the socialist market in Chapter Three, crimes of embezzlement and bribery in Chapter Eight, still should be approved by the SPC, following the second instance or approval by HPCs and military courts of China. For crimes provided in Chapter Two, Chapter Four, Chapter Five, Chapter Six (except for drug-related crimes), Chapter Seven and Chapter Ten, the power to approve death sentences (except for those sentenced by the SPC or concerning foreign affairs), according to Article 13 in the 1983 Organic Law of the People’s Courts, the SPC authorizes both the HPC in every province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government and military courts of China for practice. However, death sentences concerning Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, should submit to the SPC for approval prior to first-instance of pronouncement of judgments, and those for drug-related crimes, except that the HPC authorized the approval power of some death sentences, other HPCs and Military Courts of People’s Liberation Army should submit to the SPC for approval after the second instance or review.

  27. 27.

    See The Information Office of the State Council, or China’s Cabinet, Judicial Reform in China, XINHUA (23 August 2012), available at: http://english.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/08/23/content_281474983043170.htm.

  28. 28.

    See The SPC Held Oral Hearings to Review A Capital Case, in Its First Time After Restoring the Final Review Power [zuigao fa kaiting fuhe sixing an xi shouhui sixing hezhun quan hou shouci], Legal Net-Beijing News [fazhi wang Beijing wanbao] (19 June 2013), available at: http://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2013/06/id/1014830.shtml.

  29. 29.

    See The Notice on Further Doing Well Open Trial Work in the Second Instance of Capital Cases [guanyu jinyi bu zuohao sixing anjian di ershen kaiting shenli gongzuo de tongzhi], JINCAO (7 December 2005), available at: http://www.jincao.com/fa/02/law02.s85.htm.

  30. 30.

    See The SPC and SPP’s Regulation on Some Issues in Oral Hearings of Capital Cases in the Second Instance (Trial Implementation) [zuigao renmin fayuan zuigao renmin jiancha yuan guanyu sixing di ershen anjian kaiting shenli ruoan wenti de guiding shixing], CHINA [zhongguo wang] (25 September 2006), available at: http://www.china.com.cn/law/txt/2006-09/25/content_7189389.htm.

  31. 31.

    See The SPP’s Opinions on Implementing the Criminal Justice Policy of Combing Punishment with Leniency in the Procuratorial Work [zuigao renmin jiancha yuan guanyu zai jiancha gongzuo zhong guance kuanyan xiangji xingshi sifa zhengce de ruoan yijian], The Supreme People’s Procuratorate of the People’s Republic of China (21 June 2008), available at: http://www.spp.gov.cn/site2006/2008-06-21/0002419100.html.

  32. 32.

    See The Information Office of the State Council, or China's Cabinet, Judicial Reform in China (October 2012), available at: http://english.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/08/23/content_281474983043170.htm.

  33. 33.

    See Who Does the Crime of Lawyers’ Perjury Crack Down on [lvshi weizheng zui daji le shui], THE OTHER SIDE [ling yimian] (396), available at: http://news.163.com/special/reviews/perjurylawyer.html.

  34. 34.

    See Who Does the Crime of Lawyers’ Perjury Crack Down on [lvshi weizheng zui daji le shui], THE OTHER SIDE [ling yimian] (396), available at: http://news.163.com/special/reviews/perjurylawyer.html.

  35. 35.

    See To Misjudged Case of Zhao Zuohai Being Solved, the Provincial Court Setting up 9 May as ‘A Warning Day’ [zhi zhao zuohai mengyuan suishi an gaopo sheng fayuan jiang wuyue jiuri shewei jingshi ri], DAHE [dahe wang] (3 June 2010), available at: http://www.dahe.cn/xwzx/dhfd/jrfd/sgys/index.html.

  36. 36.

    See SHI Yu, Driven Wrongful Convictions [bei tuidong de cuoan], NDDAILY [nandu wang] (19 May 2010), available at: http://gcontent.oeeee.com/1/e3/1e328ebc91246864/Blog/a84/0dd815.html.

  37. 37.

    See Elizabeth M. Lynch, When the Murder Victim Turns Up Alive—Will Justice Be Served?, CHINA LAW AND POLICY (21 July 2010), available at: http://chinalawandpolicy.com/tag/zhao-zuohai/.

  38. 38.

    MIKE MCCONVILLE et al., CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN CHINA: AN EMPERICAL INQUIRY 303 (2011).

  39. 39.

    Jennifer Smith and Michael Gompers, Realizing Justice: The Development of Fair Trial Rights in China, 2 CHINESE L. and POL'Y REV. 126 (2007).

  40. 40.

    See Francis Regan, Going to Court in China: Observation on A Minor Criminal Case, 2 Alternative Law Journal 34 (2009).

  41. 41.

    See MIKE MCCONVILLE et al., CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN CHINA: AN EMPERICAL INQUIRY (2011) at 16; see also Randall Peerenboom, What Have We Learned about Law and Development?, Describing, Predicting and Assessing Legal Reform in China, 3 MICHIGAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 27 (2006).

  42. 42.

    See WANG Lan, People’s Opinion: What Did Make Case Zhao Zuohai Misjudged? [renmin shiping shi shenme ling zhao zuohai an jianzou pianfeng], PEOPLE DAILY [renmin wang] (11 May 2010), http://opinion.people.com.cn/GB/11569658.html; See SHI Yu, Driven Wrongful Convictions [bei tuidong de cuoan], ND DAILY [nandu wang] (May 19, 2010), available at: http://gcontent.oeeee.com/1/e3/1e328ebc91246864/Blog/a84/0dd815.html.

  43. 43.

    See ZHAO Yinan, Proposals to Ban Torture Testimony, CHINA DAILY (25 August 2011), available at: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2011-08/25/content_13188552.htm.

  44. 44.

    See Joseph Kahn, Deep Flaws, and Little Justice, in China's Court System, New York Times (21 September 2005), available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/21/international/asia/21confess.html?pagewanted=all; also see Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 2011 Report on International Religious Freedom: China (Includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau), US DEPARTMENT OF STATE (30 July 2012), available at: www.state.gov/documents/organization/192831.pdf.

  45. 45.

    See ZUO Likun, Killer’ Jailed for 10 Years; Then Victim Returns, CHINA DAILY (7 May 2010), http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-05/07/content_9823402.htm.

  46. 46.

    See Clifford Coonan, Zhao Zuohai: Beaten, Framed and Jailed for A Murder That Never Happened, INDEPENDENT (14 May 2010), available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/zhao-zuohai-beaten-framed-and-jailed-for-a-murder-that-never-happened-1973042.html.

  47. 47.

    See WANG Jingqiong and LI Yuefeng, Murder Convict Set Free After 'Victim' Turns Up, CHINA DAILY (10 May 2010), available at: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2010-05/10/content_9826714.htm.

  48. 48.

    NIU Yahao, Six Policemen Have Been Prosecuted in the Case of ZHAO Zuohai Who Was Extorted Confessions by Torture [zhao zuohai zao xingxun bigong an liuming jingcha bei qisu], SICHUAN ONLINE [sichuan zaixian] (14 July 2010), http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2010-07-14/111320676179.shtml.

  49. 49.

    See LIU PINXIN, LIU PINXIN, CAUSES AND COUNTERMEASURES OF CRIMINAL WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS 65 (2009).

  50. 50.

    See To Misjudged Case of Zhao Zuohai Being Solved, the Provincial Court Setting up 9 May as ‘A Warning Day’ [zhi zhao zuohai mengyuan suishi an gaopo sheng fayuan jiang wuyue jiuri shewei jingshi ri], DAHE [dahe wang] (3 June 2010), http://www.dahe.cn/xwzx/dhfd/jrfd/sgys/index.html.

  51. 51.

    See Tracking Misjudged Case ZHAO Zuohai: The Defence Counsel that the Court Designated for Zhao Zuohai Being A Trainee Then [zhao zuohai yuan’an zhuizong dangnian fayuan zhiding bianhu lvshi shi shixi sheng], GUANGZHOU DAILY (May 15, 2010), available at: http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2010-05-15/040320276147.shtml.

  52. 52.

    See LIU Huan, WANG Jianhua and ZHA Wenye, ‘The ZHAO Zuohai Case’ May Promote China to Speed up the Reform of Judicial Areas [zhao zuohai an huocuo zhongguo sifa lingyu jiakuai gaige] (12 May 2010), http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2010-05/12/c_1294362_3.htm.

  53. 53.

    See Considering the Weakness of the Chinese Justice System and Its Reform [cong zhao zuohai deng yuan’an kan zhongguo sifa zhidu de ruanlie jiqi gaige], SINA [xinlang wang] (1 February 2012), available at: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_9b60631f010133y4.html.

  54. 54.

    See JI Dianpeng, A Preliminary Discussion of Preventing Wrongful Convictions and Justice Reform [shilun yuanjia cuoan yufang yu sifa gaige], PEOPLE DAILY [renmin wang] (6 May 2015), available at: http://legal.people.com.cn/n/2015/0506/c188502-26954109.html.

  55. 55.

    See JI Dianpeng, A Preliminary Discussion of Preventing Wrongful Convictions and Justice Reform [shilun yuanjia cuoan yufang yu sifa gaige], PEOPLE DAILY [renmin wang] (6 May 2015), available at: http://legal.people.com.cn/n/2015/0506/c188502-26954109.html.

  56. 56.

    See Considering the Weakness of the Chinese Justice System and Its Reform [cong zhao zuohai deng yuan’an kan zhongguo sifa zhidu de ruanlie jiqi gaige], SINA [xinlang wang] (1 February 2012), available at: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_9b60631f010133y4.html.

  57. 57.

    See JI Dianpeng, A Preliminary Discussion of Preventing Wrongful Convictions and Justice Reform [shilun yuanjia cuoan yufang yu sifa gaige], PEOPLE DAILY [renmin wang] (6 May 2015), available at: http://legal.people.com.cn/n/2015/0506/c188502-26954109.html.

  58. 58.

    See Considering the Weakness of the Chinese Justice System and Its Reform [cong zhao zuohai deng yuan’an kan zhongguo sifa zhidu de ruanlie jiqi gaige], SINA [xinlang wang] (1 February 2012), available at: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_9b60631f010133y4.html.

  59. 59.

    See SUN Ying, A Drug Dealer Has Reached 75 Years Old at His Final Trial, the Supreme People’s Court Does Not Apply the Death Penalty [dufan zhongshen shi yiman shi shiwu zhousui zuigao fa yifa bu shiyong sixing], The Central Broadcast Net [yangguang wang] (27 August 2015), available at: http://news.qq.com/a/20150827/157608.htm.

  60. 60.

    See The SPC’s First Oral Hearing in the Review of Death Sentences to Revise them to the Death Penalty with A Suspension of Execution [zuigao fayuan sixing fuhe shouci kaiting gaipan sihuan], Supreme People’s Court Review of Death Sentences Lawyers Website [zuigao renmin fayuan sixing fuhe lvshi wang] (12 January 2014), available at: http://www.zgrmfy.com/Article/flxw/201401/176.html.

  61. 61.

    See SHI Yuxiang The Zhejiang Provincial HPC Announced ZHANG Hui and ZHANG Gaoping to Be Innocent after Retrial Who Were Convicted of Rape and Sentenced to Criminal Punishments [Zhejiang sheng gaoyuan zaishen xuanpan zhanghui zhang gaoping wuzui erzhang cengyin qiangjian zui ruxing], ZJNEWS (26 March 2013), available at: http://zjnews.zjol.com.cn/05zjnews/system/2013/03/26/019237084.shtml.

  62. 62.

    See The Ministry of Public Security, The Ministry of Public Security’s Notice on Further Strengthening and Improving Criminal Enforcement Work in Handling Cases to Practically Prevent Wrongful Convictions [gong’an bu guanyu jin yibu jiaqiang he gaijin xingshi zhifa ban’an gongzuo qieshi fangzhi fasheng yuanjia cuo’an de tongzhi], law-lib (5 June 2013), available at: http://www.law-lib.com/law/law_view.asp?id=429878.

  63. 63.

    See The Political Legal Committee Issuing the Guideline of Preventing Wrongful Convictions [zhengfa wei chutai fang yuanjia cuo’an zhidao yijian], XINHUANET (14 August 2013), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/mrdx/2013-08/14/c_132628296.htm; See The Central Committee of the Political Legal Committee Issuing the First Guideline of Preventing Wrongful Convictions [zhongyang zhengfa wei chutai shouge fang yuanjia cuo’an zhidao yijian], LEGAL DAILY (6 September 2013), available at: http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/index_article/content/2013-09/06/content_4828592.htm?node=6148.

  64. 64.

    See the Supreme People’s Court, The SPC Issuing the Directive on Establishing and Improving Working Mechanisms for Preventing Wrongful Convictions [zuigao renmin fayuan yinfa guanyu jianli jianquan fangfan xingshi yuanjia cuoan gongzuo jizhi de yijian], CHINA COURT (9 October 2013), available at: http://www.chinacourt.org/law/detail/2013/10/id/147221.shtml.

  65. 65.

    See Deep Reading of the 3rd Plenary Session of 18th CCP Central Committee: How Judicial Reforms Highlight Fairness and Justice [shiba jie sanzhong quanhui shendu sifa gaige ruhe tuxian gongping zhengyi], HEBEINEWS (22 November 2013), available at: http://hebei.hebnews.cn/2013-11/22/content_3620517.htm.

  66. 66.

    See TANG Yiliang and SUN Ying, Both General Offices of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee and of the State Council Issued Implementation Plans to Further Deepen Reforms on the Judicial and Social Systems [zhongban guoban yinfa shishi fang’an jin yibu shenhua sifa tizhi shehui tizhi gaige], Central Broadcast Net [yangguang wang] (9 April 2015), available at: http://china.cnr.cn/NewsFeeds/20150409/t20150409_518278029.shtml.

  67. 67.

    See Deepening Reforms on the Judicial System [shenhua sifa tizhi gaige], available at: http://court.gmw.cn/zhuanti/subject.php?sjt_id=128.

  68. 68.

    See The Information Office of the State Council, or China’s Cabinet, Progress in China’s Human Rights in 2014, CHINA HUMAN RIGHTS (8 June 2015), available at: http://www.chinahumanrights.org/html/2015/WP_0608/2699_14.html.

  69. 69.

    See Those Responsible for the Central Justice Reform Office Answers Journalists’ Questions on Reforming the Justice System [zhongyang sigai ban fuze ren jiu sifa tizhi gaige shidian gongzuo da jizhe wen], XINHUA [xinhua wang] (15 June 2014), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2014-06/15/c_1111149887.htm.

  70. 70.

    See Those Responsible for the Central Justice Reform Office Answers Journalists’ Questions on Reforming the Justice System [zhongyang sigai ban fuze ren jiu sifa tizhi gaige shidian gongzuo da jizhe wen], XINHUA [xinhua wang] (15 June 2014), available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2014-06/15/c_1111149887.htm.

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    Na Jiang

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Jiang, N. (2016). The Movement for the Prevention of Wrongful Convictions: How Far Has It Progressed?. In: Wrongful Convictions in China. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46084-9_5

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