Skip to main content

Introduction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Risk and Cognition

Part of the book series: Intelligent Systems Reference Library ((ISRL,volume 80))

  • 1015 Accesses

Abstract

The introduction chapter is a discussion about the title of the book. Why having associated the concepts of Risk and Cognition? What are the implications of this association? The responses to these questions have strong consequences on how to apprehend critical problems that emerge (or could emerge) within various activity domains. The chapter presents the two concepts of risk and cognition, and it highlights and analyses relations linking them. The complexity of the risk concept is tackled via historical, ontological and conceptual approaches. The cognition concept is defined and the filiation bonds between Cognition, Cognitive Science, Cognitive Engineering and Knowledge Engineering are presented. The set of cognition concepts defines a coherent field of interdisciplinary knowledge (scientific, methodological and technical), which provides operational tools for the analysis and the design of complex systems (or organizations) where risks are prominent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Douglas, M. (1987). Les etudes de perception du risque: un état de l’art. La société vulnerable (pp. 55–60). Paris: Presses de l’École Normale Supérieure.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hansson, S. O. (2005). The Epistemology of technological risk. Techné, 9(2), 68–80.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  3. ISO/FDIS 31000:2009. Risk management—Principles and guidelines.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Villain-Gandossi, C. (1990). Origines du concept de risque en Occident. Les risques maritimes ou de fortune de mer et leur compensation: les débuts de l’assurance maritime. In L. Faugères, P. Vasarhelyi, & C. Villain-Gandossi (Eds.), Le risque et la crise (pp. 71–84). European Coordination Centre for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences, ISBN 3-900815-10-0.

    Google Scholar 

  5. de Epalza, M. (1990). Origine du concept de risqué de l’Islam à l’Occident. In L. Faugères, P. Vasarhelyi, & C. Villain-Gandossi (Eds.), Le risque et la crise (pp. 63–70). European Coordination Centre for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences, ISBN 3-900815-10-0.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kermisch, C. (2011). Le concept de risque: de l’épistémologie à l’étique. Paris: Editions Tec and Doc, Lavoisier.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Theys, J. (1987). La société vulnerable. La société vulnerable (pp. 3–36). Paris: Presses de l’École Normale Supérieure.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Suakas, J., & Rouhiainen, V. (1993). Quality management of safety and risk analysis. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Koselleck, R. (1979). Le règne de la critique. Paris: Éditions de Minuit.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Chateauraynaud, F. (2003). Redoubler de vigilance: les contraintes cognitives et les enjeux politiques des nouveaux modèles de gestion des risques. In Réflexions autour du risque: Définitions, Prévention et Évolution (pp. 51–59). Journées d’études ENAP, CIRU, CIRAP.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Renn, O. (2008). Concepts of risk: An interdisciplinary review (Part1: Disciplinary risk concepts). GAIA, 17(1), 50–66.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Couturier, B. (2003). Le risque: de l’approche philosophique à l’approche anthropologique. In Réflexions autour du risque, Définitions, Prévention et Évolution (pp. 41–50). Journées d’études ENAP, CIRU, CIRAP.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Rescher, N. (1983). Risk: A philosophical introduction to the theory of risk evaluation and management. Washington D.C.: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Pieret, J. (2012). Épistémologie du risque: la troisième voie d’Ulrick Beck et son influence sur la doctrine environnementaliste. Lex Electronica, (Vol. 17.1), Summer 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Caeymaex, F. (2007). Risquer, gérer, sécuriser: Techniques politiques de la modernité? In C. Kermisch & G. Hottois (Eds.), Techniques et philosophies des risques (pp. 111–122). Paris: Vrin.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Beck, U. (2009). World at risk. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Kermisch, C. (2012). Vers une definition multidimensionnelle du risque. http://vertigo.revues.org/12214.

  18. Renn, O. (1992). Concepts of risk: A classification. In S. Krimsky & D. Golding (Eds.), Social theories of risk (pp. 53–79). Westport: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Allais, M. (1953). Le comportement de l’homme rationnel devant le risque, critique des postulats et axiomes de l’école américaine. Econometrica, 21, 503–546.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  20. Ellsberg, D. (1961). Risk, ambiguity and the savage axioms. Quaterly Journal of Economics, 75, 643–669.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Simon, H. A. (1956). Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological Review, 63(2), 129–138. doi:10.1037/h0042769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of décision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–292.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  23. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124–1131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Fischoff, B., Slovic, P., Lichtenstein, S., Read, S., & Combs, B. (1978). How safe is safe enough? A psychometric study of attitudes toward technological risks and benefits. Policy Sciences, 9, 127–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Slovic, P., Fischoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. (1980). Facts and fears: Understanding perceived risk. In R. Schwing & W. Albers (Eds.), Societal risk assessment (pp. 181–214). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  27. Slovic, P. (1992). Perception of risk: Reflections on the psychometric paradigm. In S. Krimsky, & D. Golding (Eds.), Social theories of risk (pp. 153–178). Westport: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Fischoff, B., Slovic, P., & Lichtenstein, S. (1985). Weighing the risks. In R. W. Kates, C. Hohenemser, & X. J. Kasperson (Eds.), Perilous progress: Managing the hazards of technology (pp. 265–283). Boulder: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Douglas, M. (1966). Purity and danger: An analysis of concepts of pollution and taboo. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  30. Kermisch, C., & Labeau, P. E. (2008). Cultural theory and risk perception: A critical analysis. Proceedings du 16ième Congrès de Maîtrise des Risques et de Sûreté de Fonctionnement. Avignon, octobre 6–10, 2008. ISBN: 2-35147-028-1.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Douglas, M. A history of grid and group cultural theory. Retrieved July 27, 2013, from http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/semiotics/cyber/douglas1.pdf.

  32. Douglas, M. (1979). Cultural bias (Occasional paper No. 35). London: Royal Anthropological Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Toward a new modernity. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Giddens, A. (1990). The consequences of modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Giddens, A. (2000). Runaway world. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Kasperson, R., Renn, O., Slovic, P., Brown, H., Emel, J., Goble, R., et al. (1988). The social amplification of risk: A conceptual framework. Risk Analysis, 8(2), 177–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Renn, O., Burns, W. J., Kasperson, J. X., Kasperson, R. E., & Slovic, P. (1992). The Social amplification of risk: Theoretical foundations and empirical applications. Journal of Social Issues, 48(4), 137–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. DeFleur, M.L. (1966). Theory of mass communication. New York: David McKay.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Tiberghien, G. (2002). Dictionnaire des sciences cognitives. Paris: Armand Colin.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Ganascia, J. G. (1999). Sécurité et cognition. Paris: Hermes.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Sternberg, R.J., & Sternberg, K. (2009). Cognitive psychology (6th Ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Simon, H. A., & Kaplan, C. A. (1989). Foundations of cognitive science. In M. I. Posner (Ed.), Foundations of cognitive science (pp. 1–47). Cambridge: A Bradford book, MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Bayatani, M. (2007). De la cybernétique aux sciences de la cognition. PhD Thesis, Lyon III, Février 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Lee, J. D., & Kirlik, A. (2013). Cognitive engineering: History and foundations. In J. D. Lee & A. Kirlik (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of cognitive engineering. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  45. Vicente, K. J. (1999). Cognitive work analysis: Toward safe, productive, and healthy computer-based work. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Gersh, J. R., McKneely, J. A., & Remington, R. W. (2005). Cognitive engineering: Understanding human interaction with complex systems. Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, 26(4), 377–382.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Studer, R., Benjamins, V. R., & Fensel, D. (1998). Knowledge engineering: Principles and methods. Data & Knowledge Engineering, 25(1–2), 161–197.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  48. Charlet, J., Zacklad, M., Kassel, G., & Bourigault, D. (2000). Ingénierie des connaissances: recherches et perspectives. In J. Charlet, M. Zacklad, G. Kassel, & D. Bourigault (Eds.), Ingénierie des connaissances. Évolutions récentes et nouveaux defies (pp. 1–22). Eyrolles, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Neches, R. (1991). Acquisition of knowledge for sharing and reuse. In B.R. Gaines (Ed.), Proceedings of the Annual Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition. Banff, Canada, October 6–11, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Neches, R., Fikes, R., Finin, T., Gruber, T., Patil, R., Senator, T., et al. (1991). Enabling technology for knowledge sharing. AI Magazine, 12(3), 36–56.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Caussanel, J., & Chouraqui, E. (2000). Contribution à l’étude des Systèmes de Capitalisation des Connaissances : SMOKC, un système dédié aux PME-PMI. Université d’Aix-Marseille 3, Mémoire de thèse, Aix-en-Provence, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Schreiber, G., Akkermans, H., Anjewierden, A., de Hoog, R., Shadbolt, N., Van de Velde, W., et al. (2000). Knowledge engineering and management. The MIT Press, Cambridge: A Bradford Book.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Ermine, J.L. (2004). Introduction au knowledge management. In I. Boughzala, & Ermine J.L. (Eds.), Management des connaissances en entreprise (pp. 55–77). Paris: Lavoisier, Publications Hermès Science.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Nonaka, I., Troyama, R., & Konno, N. (2005). SECI, ba and leadership: A unified model of dynamic knowledge creation. In S. Little & T. Ray (Eds.), Managing knowledge. An essential reader (2nd ed., pp. 23–49). Londres: The Open University, SAGE Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  56. David, J. M., Krivine, J. P., & Simmons, R. (Eds.), Second generation expert systems (pp. 232–272). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Newell, A. (1982). The knowledge level. Artificial Intelligence, 18(1), 87–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Luger, G. F. (2005). Artificial intelligence: Structures and strategies for complex problem solving (5th ed.). Harlow: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Vogel, C. (1988). Génie cognitif. Paris: Masson (Sciences cognitives).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Schreiber, G., Wielinga, B., & Breuker, J. (Eds.). (1993). KADS: A principled approach to knowledge-based system development, knowledge-based systems (Vol. II). Boston: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Schreiber, G., Wielinga, B., & de Hoog, R. (1994). CommonKADS: A comprehensive methodology for KBS development. IEEE Expert, 9(6), December, 28–37.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Puerta, A. R., Egar, J. W., Tu, S. W., & Musen, M. A. (1992). A multiple-method knowledge acquisition shell for the automatic generation of knowledge acquisition tools. Knowledge Acquisition, 4, 171–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Angele, J., Fensel, D., & Studer, R. (1998). Developing knowledge-based systems with MIKE. Journal of Automated Software Engineering, 5(4), 389–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Aussenac, N. (1989). Conception d’une méthodologie et d’un outil d’acquisition de connaissances expertes, Thèse de l’université Paul Sabatier de Toulouse, October 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Uschold, M. (1998). Knowledge level modelling: Concepts and terminology. The Knowledge Engineering Review, 13(1), 5–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Breuker, J., & van de Velde, W. (1994). CommonKADS library for expertise modelling. In J. Breuker (Ed.), Col. frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications (Vol. 21). Amsterdam: IOS Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jean-Marc Mercantini .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mercantini, JM. (2015). Introduction. In: Mercantini, JM., Faucher, C. (eds) Risk and Cognition. Intelligent Systems Reference Library, vol 80. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45704-7_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45704-7_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-45703-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-45704-7

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics