Abstract
In highly dynamic environment of sunspot areas with various sources and sink of energy, small-scale flux tubes do not in general obey the local conservation laws, nor do the ensembles of flux tubes that exhibit a complex collective phenomena. Some of the most spectacular phenomena are associated with the so-called Moving Magnetic Features, MMFs, small bipoles streaming radially outward the sunspot penumbra and exhibiting various mysterious properties. For example, they are observed to propagate faster than background mass flows and sometimes even upstream. Altogether, the properties of the MMFs are inconsistent with the energy and momentum conservation laws and require the approach of a nonconservative, energetically open systems. In this chapter we shall study these amazing features, their observed characteristics, and their impact on the overlying atmosphere. We shall apply the methods of nonconservative systems to understand their behavior. We will also see the negative energy waves in action, and associated formation of shocks and solitons.
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Ryutova, M. (2015). Moving Magnetic Features (MMFs). In: Physics of Magnetic Flux Tubes. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol 417. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45243-1_11
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45243-1_11
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