Herpes Simplex Virus Infection (Orofacial)

Abstract

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is among the most common human pathogens worldwide. Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are responsible for orofacial and genital herpes, respectively. In the majority of cases, orofacial HSV infections are caused by HSV-1, but HSV-2 have also been reported in sexually active persons and in HIV patients. Transmission takes place through direct contact with skin lesions, mucous membranes, and secretions (i.e., saliva). Transmission of HSV can occur during both asymptomatic and symptomatic periods of viral shedding. The most common clinical presentation of primary HSV-1 infection is gingivostomatitis in children and young adults. The clinical symptoms of the recurrent infection start with a group of vesicles on an erythematous base, most commonly at the mucocutaneous junction of the lips. Treatment regimens differ from symptomatic and topical antivirals to oral antivirals or suppressive schedules, depending on the severity, the immune status, and the characteristics of the infection.