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General Principles of PET/CT and Autonomic Innervation of the Heart Including Kinetics and Software

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Autonomic Innervation of the Heart

Abstract

Non-invasive imaging of myocardial innervation using positron emission tomography (PET) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is a valuable methodology in cardiac imaging. Although it never entered the clinical arena in an extent as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging for this purpose did, its technical advantages, the excellent properties of the imaging agents, and the availability of tools for quantification combine into an occasionally underrated approach.

This chapter covers a rather wide range of topics and tries not to repeat information provided in other chapters of this book. Consequentially, the focus is to emphasize where all three elements – imaging technique, tracers, and analysis – have to interact to form a viable workflow.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The fact that the visual impression is so important comes quite obviously from the dominance of oncological imaging. The potential side effects of introducing changes in image quantification are not too widely investigated although effects on dynamic imaging and thus kinetic analysis exist.

  2. 2.

    This trend has a name: “de-featuring” of a product.

  3. 3.

    The development and production of new radiopharmaceuticals suffers from similar problems.

Abbreviations

BGO:

Bismuth germanate

COMT:

Catechol-O-methyltransferase

CT:

Computed tomography

ECG:

Electrocardiogram

EPI:

Epinephrine

GSO:

Gadolinium oxyorthosilicate

H/M:

Heart–mediastinum ratio

HTX:

Heart transplant surgery

ID:

Injected dose

LOR:

Line of response

LSO:

Lutetium oxyorthosilicate

LV:

Left ventricle

LVEF:

Left ventricular ejection fraction

MAO(−A):

Monoamine oxidase (−A)

MR(I):

Magnetic resonance (imaging)

NET:

Norepinephrine transporter

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PHEN:

Phenylephrine

RCSD:

Regional cardiac sympathetic denervation

ROI:

Region of interest

SCA:

Sudden cardiac arrest

SPECT:

Single-photon emission computed tomography

SUV:

Standardized uptake value

VOI:

Volume of interest

VT:

Ventricular tachycardia

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstrasse 22, Munich, D-81675, Germany

    Stephan G. Nekolla & Christoph Rischpler

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  1. Stephan G. Nekolla
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Correspondence to Stephan G. Nekolla .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Riemer H.J.A. Slart

  2. Thorax center Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    René A. Tio

  3. Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Philip H. Elsinga

  4. Nuklearmedizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar Technische Universität München, München, Germany

    Markus Schwaiger

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Nekolla, S.G., Rischpler, C. (2015). General Principles of PET/CT and Autonomic Innervation of the Heart Including Kinetics and Software. In: Slart, R., Tio, R., Elsinga, P., Schwaiger, M. (eds) Autonomic Innervation of the Heart. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45074-1_8

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