Abstract
Historically, vaccines have predominantly been manufactured through complex biological processes (growth in embryonic chicken eggs, bacterial fermentation, and mammalian cell culture) that can be challenging to control and reproduce. Although the introduction of Quality by Design principles is changing the “the process is the product” mindset, the development of appropriate release assays remains a critical element in ensuring the safety and efficacy of a vaccine throughout its shelf life. The development of relevant and robust potency assays requires careful consideration of the nature of the protective immune response to the targeted antigen as well as a detailed understanding of the structural features of the antigen that elicit the protective response.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
21CFR600.3 (2013). CFR title 21 600.3. FDA.gov: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=600.3. Accessed 7 April 2014
21CFR610.10 (2013). CFR title 21 610.10. FDA.gov: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=610.10. Accessed 7 April 2014
Bartell P, Tint H (1961) Correlation of three potency assay methods for smallpox vaccines. J Immunol 348–353
Calmette A, Guerin C (1901) Recherches sur la vaccine experimentale. Ann Inst Pasteur 15:161
Coombes L, Stickings P, Tierney R, Rigsby P, Sesardic D (2009) Development and use of a novel in vitro assay for testing of diphtheria toxoid in combination vaccines. J Immunol Met 350(1–2):142–149
Coombes L, Tierney R, Rigsby P, Sesardic D (2012) In vitro antigen ELISA for quality control of tetanus vaccines. Biologicals 40(6):466–472
Copeman SM (1902) Modern methods of vaccination and their scientific basis. Med Chir Trans 85:243–281
CoPoP (2011) Timelines. From the history of vaccines: http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/all. Accessed 18 April 2014
Emini EA, Ellis RW, Miller WJ, McAleer WJ, Scolnick EM, Gerety RJ (1986) Production and immunological analysis of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. J Infect 13(Suppl A):3–9
EU (2010). Legislation for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. European Commission: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/legislation_en.htm. Accessed 18 April 2014
FDA (2013) Approved vaccines. FDA.gov: http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/vaccines/approvedproducts/ucm093830.htm. Accessed 24 May 2014
Giffroy D, Mazy C, Duchene M (2006) Validation of a new ELISA method for in vitro potency assay of hepatitis B-containing vaccines. Pharmeuropa Bio 2006(1):7–14
Habig WH (1993) Potency testing of bacterial vaccines for human use. Vet Microbiol 37:343–351
Hendriksen C (2009) Replacement, reduction and refinement alternatives to animal use in vaccine potency measurement. Expert Rev Vaccines 8(3):313–322
Hering D, Thompson W, Hewetson J, Little S, Norris S, Pace-Templeton J (2004) Validation of the anthrax lethal toxin neutralization assay. Biologicals 32:17–27
IAC (2006) Immunization action coalition. Vaccine Timeline: http://www.immunize.org/timeline/. Accessed 18 April 2014
ICHQ2(R1) (1996) Validation of analytical procedures: text and methodology. ICH.org: http://www.ich.org/products/guidelines/quality/quality-single/article/validation-of-analytical-procedures-text-and-methodology.html. Accessed 9 April 2014
ICHQ5C (1995) ICH Q5C Stability testing of biotechnological/biological products. ICH.org: http://www.ich.org/products/guidelines/quality/quality-single/article/stability-testing-of-biotechnologicalbiological-products.html. Accessed 9 April 2014
ICHQ6B (1999) ICH Q6B specifications: test procedures and acceptance criteria for biotechnological/biological products. ICH.org: http://www.ich.org/products/guidelines/quality/article/quality-guidelines.html. Accessed 8 April 2014
Kikukawa A, Gomi Y, Akechi M, Onishi T, Manabe S, Namazue J et al (2012) Superior immunogenicity of a freeze-dried, cell culture-derived Japanese encephalitis vaccine (inactivated). Vaccine 30:2329–2335
Kim KH, Yu J, Nahm MH (2003) Efficiency of a pneumococcal opsonophagocytic killing assay improved by multiplexing and by coloring colonies. Clin Vaccine Immunol 10:616–621
Kolb RW, Cutchins EC, Jones WP, Aylor HT (1961) A comparison of the rabbit scarification technique with titrations in cell cultures for the potency assay of smallpox vaccine. Bull World Health Org 25:25–32
Leake JP, Force JN (1927) A method for estimating the potency of smallpox vaccine. Bulletin of the hygienic laboratory, No. 149. U.S.P.H.S, Washington
Leparc-Goffart I, Poirier B, El Zaouk A, Tissier M-H, Fuchs F (2003) New generation of cell culture assay for smallpox vaccine potency. J Clin Microbiol 41(8):3687–3689
Milstien JB (2004) Regulation of vaccines: strengthening the science base. J Public Health Policy 25(2):173–189
Mo C, Yamagata R, Pan A, Reddy J, Hazari N, Duke G (2008) Development of a high-throughput Alamar blue assay for the determination of influenza virus infectious dose, serum antivirus neutralization titer and virus ca/ts phenotype. J Virol Met 150:63–69
Monath TP, Lee CK, Julander JG, Brown A, Beasley DW, Watts DM et al (2010) Inactivated yellow fever 17D vaccine: development and nonclinical safety, immunogenicity and protective activity. Vaccine 28:3827–3840
Ph.Eu.2.7.6 (2005) European pharmacopoeia 8th edition—2.7.6. EDQM.eu: http://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-8th-edition-1563.html. Accessed 18 April 2014
Ph.Eur.2.7.16 (2012) European pharmacopoeia 8th edition—2.7.16. EDQM.EU: http://www.edqm.eu/en/european-pharmacopoeia-8th-edition-1563.html. Accessed 9 April 2014
Poirier B, Morgeaux S, Variot P, Fuchs F (2000) In vitro potency assay for hepatitis A vaccines. Biologicals 28(4):247–256
Ranheim T, Mathis P, Joelsson D, Smith M, Campbell K, Lucas G et al (2006) Development and application of a quantitative RT-PCR potency assay for a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq®). J Virol Met 193–201
Russell W, Burch R (1959) The principles of humane experimental technique. Methuen, London
Schalk J, de Vries C, Jongen P (2005) Potency estimation of measles, mumps and rubella trivalent vaccines with quantitative PCR infectivity assay. Biologicals 33(2):71–79
Seligmann EB (1996) The NIH test for potency. In: Meslin F, Kaplan M, Koprowski H (eds) Laboratory techniques in rabies. WHO, Geneva
Sesardic T (2012) Bioassays for evaluation of medical products derived from bacterial toxins. Curr Opin Microbiol 15:310–316
Shank-Retzlaff M, Wang F, Morley T, Anderson C, Hamm M, Brown M et al (2005) Correlation between mouse potency and in vitro relative potency for human papillomavirus type 16 virus-like particles and Gardasil® vaccine samples. Human Vaccines 1(5):191–197
Shanmugham R, Thirumeni N, Rao VS, Pitta V, Kasthuri S, Singanallur NB et al (2010) Immunocapture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for assessment of in vitro potency of recombinant hepatitis B vaccines. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17(8):1252–1260
Smith D, Harding G, Chan J, Edwards M, Hank J, Muller D et al (1979) Potency of 10 BCG vaccines as evaluated by their influence on the bacillemic phase of experimental airborne tuberculosis in guinea-pigs. J Biol Stand 7:179–197
Souvras M, Montagnon B, Fanget B, van Wezel AL, Hazendonk AG (1980) Direct enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantification of poliomyelitis virus D-antigen. Dev Biol Stand 46:197–202
Stephenne J (1990) Development and production aspects of a recombinant yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccine. Vaccine 8(Suppl):S69–S73
Van Vliet JH, Colinet G, Yane F, Lemoine P (1987) A simplified plaque assay for varicella vaccine. J Virol Met 18(2–3):113–120
WHO (2005) Biologicals. WHO: http://www.who.int/biologicals/publications/trs/areas/vaccines/nonclinical_evaluation/en/. Accessed 8 April 2014
WHO (2006) Reference standards. WHO: http://www.who.int/bloodproducts/publications/TRS932Annex2_Inter_biolefstandardsrev2004.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 2 May 2014
WHO (2014). Catalogue. WHO: http://www.who.int/bloodproducts/catalogue/Vacc2014.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 1 May 2014
Wood JM, Schild GC, Newman RW, Seagroatt V (1977) An improved single-radial-immunodiffusion technique for the assay of influenza haemagglutinin antigen: application for potency determinations of inactivated whole virus and subunit vaccines. J Biol Stand 5:237–247
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ranheim, T., Mozier, N., Egan, W. (2015). Vaccine Potency Assays. In: Nunnally, B., Turula, V., Sitrin, R. (eds) Vaccine Analysis: Strategies, Principles, and Control. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45024-6_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45024-6_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-45023-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-45024-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)