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Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Chemical Methods in Penetration Enhancement pp 175–187Cite as

Formation of Ion Pairs and Complex Coacervates

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Abstract

Over the past several decades, there have been important advances in the field of transdermal drug delivery. However, for most drugs, the successful transdermal delivery is still limited due to the barrier function of the skin. The skin, especially its outermost layer, the stratum corneum (SC), poses a formidable barrier to the penetration of exogenous substances into the skin and only allows the penetration of drugs with low molecular weight, suitable solubility in oil and water, moderate partition coefficient, and low melting point. Generally, hydrophilic ionized drugs and other drugs with unfavorable physicochemical properties cannot pass adequately the skin barrier to exert their pharmacological effect. Ion pairs and complex coacervates are effective strategies to facilitate the transdermal penetration of this type of drugs.

In this chapter, the application of ion pairs and complex coacervates in transdermal drug delivery will be introduced in two separate parts. In each part, a number of examples will be provided to illustrate the theory, classification and confirmation of ion-pair formation, and the mechanism of action of ion pairs on skin penetration enhancement of drugs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China

    Liang Fang, Honglei Xi & Dongmei Cun

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  1. Liang Fang
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  2. Honglei Xi
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  3. Dongmei Cun
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Correspondence to Liang Fang .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Apoteka "Beograd", Belgrade, Serbia

    Nina Dragicevic

  2. San Francisco, California, USA

    Howard I. Maibach

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Fang, L., Xi, H., Cun, D. (2015). Formation of Ion Pairs and Complex Coacervates. In: Dragicevic, N., Maibach, H. (eds) Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers Chemical Methods in Penetration Enhancement. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45013-0_13

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45013-0_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-45012-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-45013-0

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