Abstract
Although the oil and gas resources of the Caspian Sea are sufficient, their transportation to world markets requires enhancement. The most suitable form for doing so is to ship the resources over a waterway, which is limited in the case of the Caspian region, or to use pipelines. The existing network of pipelines from the Caspian Sea shall be extended, and this requires application of international legal standards. The legal regime of Caspian maritime pipelines has never been subject to interstate agreements. It was subordinated only to the general practice of the Caspian states in regulating the use of the Caspian Sea. Nowadays, it is only a Draft Caspian Status Convention which shall define the future legal framework for the maritime pipeline regime. The challenge related to the settlement of this issue is, as in the case of other legal regimes for use of the Caspian Sea, related to the undefined status of the Caspian Sea. There is still no agreement between the coastal states whether and which parts of the Caspian Sea shall be covered by the coastal states’ sovereignty or respective sovereign rights, as would allow the coastal states to freely build transboundary Caspian pipelines.
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Notes
- 1.
See: Freitag-Wirminghaus (1998), pp. 23 et seq.
- 2.
See: Buonanno (2003).
- 3.
Iran Oil Swap (Neka, Tehran); Central Asia Oil (Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Gwadar, Pakistan); Iran Azerbaijan (Baku–Tehran); Kazakhstan—China (Aktobe, Xinjiang); Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan to Kharg Island in Iran); Ksashuri–Batumi (Dubendi in Azerbaijan to Batumi in Georgia).
- 4.
See: Kazakhstan–China Pipeline LLP at www.kcp.kz/en/projects. Accessed 1 July 2014.
- 5.
Art. 1 of the Convention on Transit of Land-Locked States; Art. 124 para. 2 UNCLOS.
- 6.
See: Lagoni (1997), p. 1034.
- 7.
Brazil–Bolivia 1938, UNTS, vol. 51, p. 256; Brazil–Bolivia–Argentina–Paraguay–Uruguay, 1941 In: (Hudson and Sohn 1949/1950), vol. 8, p. 623.
- 8.
US–Canada, Northern Gas Pipeline Agreement, 1977.
- 9.
Haines–Fairbanks Oil Pipeline Agreement of 1955.
- 10.
See: Martens (1817–1842), vol. 11, p. 281.
- 11.
Ann IDI, vol. 3 (1927), p. 339.
- 12.
Art. 2 (3), Art. 26, para. 1, 1958 Convention on the High Seas; Art. 87 para. 1 c), Art. 112 para. 1 UNCLOS.
- 13.
Art. 26 para. 3 1958 Convention on the High Seas, Art. 79 para. 5, Art. 112 para. 2 UNCLOS.
- 14.
Art. 4 Convention for the Protection of Submarine Cables; Art. 28 1958 Convention on the High Seas, 1958; Art. 114 UNCLOS.
- 15.
Art. 2 1958 Convention on the High Seas, 1958; Art. 87 para. 2, Art. 150, 153 UNCLOS.
- 16.
Art. 4 Convention on the Continental Shelf 1958 Art. 26 para. 1, 2 1958 Convention on the High Seas, Art. 79 Abs. 2 UNCLOS.
- 17.
Art. 4 Convention on the Continental Shelf; Art. 26 Abs. 1, 2 1958 Convention on the High Seas; Art. 79 Abs. 1, 2 UNCLOS.
- 18.
Art. 27–29 1958 Convention on the High Seas; Art. 113–115 UNCLOS.
- 19.
Art. 5 Convention on the Continental Shelf; Art. 60, Art. 80 Abs. 4–7 UNCLOS.
- 20.
See: Uprety (1995).
- 21.
Art. 2 para. 1 New York Convention of 1965.
- 22.
After signed the Energy Charter Treaty in 1994 Russia accepted its provisional application (agreeing to apply its provisions as far as they are with its national law), which was terminated by Russia in 2009.
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Janusz-Pawletta, B. (2015). The Legal Regime of the Pipelines in the Caspian Sea. In: The Legal Status of the Caspian Sea. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44730-7_8
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