Abstract
Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technologies have potential to reduce the application temperature of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) and improve workability without compromising the performance of asphalt pavement. This promises various benefits, e.g. a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, decreased energy consumption and costs, improved working conditions, better compaction, extended paving season, higher reclaimed asphalt content, earlier opening to traffic, etc. These benefits as well as the potential concerns are discussed in this chapter. Mix design considerations and possible specializations of WMA technologies are summarized. Different WMA production technologies are reviewed with an emphasis on practical applications.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aschenbrener, T. (1995). Evaluation of Hamburg wheel -tracking device to predict moisture damage in hot mix asphalt. Transport Research Record, 1492, 36–45. (Washington D.C.).
Bonaquist, R. (2011a). Mix design practices for warm mix asphalt. NCHRP Report 691, Washington, D.C.
Bonaquist, R. (2011b) Mix design practices for warm mix asphalt. In: Second International Warm Mix Conference, NCHRP 9-43, St. Louis, MO.
Brown, R. (2011a). Status of implementation. http://www.warmmixasphalt.com/submissions/149_20121112_6%20Status%20of%20Implementation-Workshop.pdf. Cited 23 Mar 2013.
Brown, R. (2011b). Performance of warm mix asphalt. http://www.warmmixasphalt.com/submissions/148_20121112_5%20Performance%20of%20WMA,%20Atlanta%20WMA%20Workshop.pdf. Cited 3 Mar 2013.
Capitao, S. D., Picado-Santos, L. G., Matinho, F. (2012). Pavement engineering materials: Review on the use of warm-mix asphalt. Construction and Building Materials, 36, 1016–1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.038.
Carbon trust. (2010). Guide to the asphalt sector. In: Industrial energy efficiency accelerator. London, UK.
Chowdhury, A., & Button, J. (2008). A review of warm mix asphalt. Springfield, VA: Texas Transportation Institute.
D’Angelo, J., Harm, E., Bartoszek, J., et al. (2008). Warm-mix asphalt: European practice, FHWA-PL-08-007, Washington, DC.
Diefenderfer, S. D., Hearon, A. J. (2010). Performance of Virginia’s warm-mix asphalt trial sections, FHWA/VTRC 10-R17, Charlottesville, VA.
Drüschner, L. (2009). Experience with warm mix asphalt in Germany. NVF-rapporter, Sønderborg, Denmark.
EAPA. (2013). Asphalt in figures. Brussels: European Asphalt Pavement Association. http://www.eapa.org/userfiles/2/Asphalt%20in%20Figures/Asphalt%20in%20figures%2022-11-2013.pdf.
EAPA. (2010). The use of warm mix asphalt. Brussels: European Asphalt Pavement Association—position paper.
FHWA. (2012). Warm mix aspaht FAQs. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/everydaycounts/technology/asphalt/faqs.cfm#tab2 Cited 3 Oct 2013.
Frank, B., Prowell, B. D., Hurley, G. C., West, R. C. (2011). Warm mix asphalt (WMA) emission reductions and energy savings. In: 2nd International Warm-Mix Conference, St.Louis, MO.
Gandhi, T. (2008). Effects of warm asphalt additives on asphalt binder and mixture properties. Doctor dissertation thesis. Clemson University, Clemson, SC.
Hansen, K. R., Copeland, A. (2013). Annual asphalt pavement industry survey on recycled materials and warm-mix asphalt usage: 2009–2012. National Center for Asphalt Technology. Information series 138. Lanham, MD.
Harder, G. A. (2008). LEA half-warm mix paving report, 2007 Projects for NYSDOT. Cortland, NY: McConnaughay Technologies.
Hurley, G., & Prowell, B. (2006). Evaluation of potential processes for use in warm mix asphalt (With Discussion). Journal of Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, 75, 41–90.
Jenkins, K. J. (2000). Mix design consideration for cold and half-warm bituminous mixes with emphasis on foamed bitumen. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Jones, C., West, R., Julian, G., et al. (2011). Evaluation of warm mix asphalt in Walla Walla, Washington. NCAT Report 11-06, Auburn, AL.
Jones, D., Wu, R. Z., Tsai, B., Barros, C., Peterson, J. (2012). Accelerated loading, laboratory, and field testing studies to fast-track the implementation of warm mix asphalt in California. In: D. Jones (Ed.), Advances in pavement design through full-scale accelerated pavement testing. London: Taylor & Francis Group.
Jones, D., Wu, R., Tsai, B. W., et al. (2008) Warm-mix asphalt study: Test Track Construction and First-Level Analysis of Phase 1 HVS and Laboratory Testing. UCPRC-RR-2008-11, Berkley, CA.
Kriech, A., Osborn, L., Prowell, B., et al. (2011). Comparison of worker breathing zone exposures between hot mix asphalt and warm mix asphalt applications. In: 2nd Warm Mix Conference, St. Louis, MO.
Kristjansdottir, O. (2007). Warm mix asphalt technology adoption. NVF 33 Annual Meeting, Trondheim, Norway.
Kvasnak, A., Moore, J., Taylor, A. et al. (2010). Preliminary evaluation of warm mix asphalt field demonstration: Franklin, Tennessee. NCAT Report 10-01, Auburn, AL.
Lee, R. (2008). A Summary of Texas’ experience with warm mix asphalt. In: Presentation at Louisiana Warm-Mix Demonstration. Shreveport, LA.
Mogawer, W. S., Austerman, A. J. (2008). Laboratory and field evaluation of warm mix asphalt technology. In: International Symposium on Asphalt Pavements and Environment, (pp. 173–184). Zurich, Switzerland.
McClean, M. D., Osborn, L. V., Snawder, J. E., et al. (2012). Using urinary biomarkers of polycyclic aromatic compound exposure to guide exposure-reduction strategies among asphalt paving workers. Annual Occupational Hygiene, 56(9), 1013–1024. doi:10.1093/annhyg/mes058.
Nadau, G. (2012). Warm mix takes off. Asphalt Pavement Magazine, 17(1), 16–21.
NAPA. (2012) Greenhouse Gas Calculator. http://www.asphaltpavement.org/ghgc/ghgcv4.html Cited 19 Mar 2013.
NAPA. (2014) How to determine mix cooling time. http://www.asphaltpavement.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=178&Itemid=331. Cited 19 Mar 2013.
NCAT. (2013). NCHRP 9-47A Offers Recommendations for WMA Mix Design Changes. Asphalt Technology E-News, 25, 1. http://www.ncat.us/info-pubs/newsletters/spring-2013/recommendations-for-wma-mix-design-changes.html. Cited 22 Sep 2013.
Ozturk, H. I., & Kutay, M. E. (2013). A Novel testing procedure for assessment of quality of foamed warm mix asphalt binders. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000924.
Perkins, S. (2009). Synthesis of warm mix asphalt paving strategies for use in Montana highway construction. FHWA/MT-09-009/8117-38, Bozeman, MT.
Prowell, B., Kvasnak, A., Hurley, G., et al. (2008). Engineering properties, emissions, and field performance of warm mix asphalt technologies. NCHRP 9-47, Lexington, KY.
Prowell, B., Hurley, G., Frank, B. (2012). Warm-mix asphalt: Best practices (3rd ed.). Lunham, MD.
Quin, Q., Farrar, M. J., Pauli, A. T., & Adams, J. J. (2014). Morphology, thermal analysis and rheology of Sasobit modified warm mix asphalt binders. Fuel, 115, 416–425.
Spickenheuer, A., Ruhl, R., Hober, D., et al. (2011). Levels and determinants of exposure to vapours and aerosols of bitumen. Archives of Toxicology, 85(Suppl. 1), S21–S28.
Vaitkus, A., Čygas, D., Laurinavičius, A., & Perveneckas, Z. (2009). Analysis and Evaluation of Possibilities for the Use of Warm Mix Asphalt in Lithuania. Baltic Journal of Road Bridge Engineering, 4(2), 80–86. doi:10.3846/1822-427X.2009.4.80-86.
WALTOW. (2011). Application Guide. Physical properties of solids, liquids and gases. Chicago, IL.
Wanger, M., Stangl, K., Blab, R. (2008). Fischer-tropsch paraffin modified bitumen—performance parameter and reduction of energy consumption. In: ISAP International Symposium on Asphalt Pavements and Environment 197-206. Zurich, Switzerland.
West, et al. (2014). Properties and performance of warm mix asphalt technologies: Draft. National Center for Asphalt Technology-Auburn University. NCHRP Project 9-47A.
West, R. (2013). Overview and discussion of warm mix asphalt technologies. In: Advanced Mix Design course, NCAT. Auburn, AL.
Young, T. J., (2007). Energy conservation in hot-mix asphalt production. Quality Improvement Series 126, NAPA.
Zaumanis, M., Jansen, J., Haritonovs, V., et al. (2012a). Development of calculation tool for assessing the energy demand of warm mix asphalt. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 48, 163–172. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.997.
Zaumanis, M., Olesen, E., Haritonovs, V., et al. (2012b). Laboratory evaluation of organic and chemical warm mix asphalt technologies for SMA asphalt. Baltic Journal of Road Bridge Engineering, 7(3), 191–197. doi:10.3846/bjrbe.2012.26.
Zaumanis, M., Smirnovs, J. (2011). Analysis of possibilities for use of warm mix asphalt in Latvia. In: Proceedings of Civil Engineering. International Scientific Conference, (pp. 57–64). Jelgava, Latvia.
Zaumanis, M. (2010). Warm mix asphalt investigation. Master of Science thesis. Kgs. Lyngby. Technical University of Denmark in cooperation with the Danish Road Institute.
Zaumanis M., Mallick R.B. (2013). Review of very high-content reclaimed asphalt use in plant-produced pavement: state of the art. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. doi:10.1080/10298436.2014.893331
Acknowledgments
The help by ErikOlesen, Erik Nielsen, and Robert Frank, in providing insights of WMA, and Rudy Pinkham for technical assistance is greatly appreciated.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zaumanis, M. (2014). Warm Mix Asphalt. In: Gopalakrishnan, K., Steyn, W., Harvey, J. (eds) Climate Change, Energy, Sustainability and Pavements. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44719-2_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44719-2_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-44718-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-44719-2
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)