Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Platinum Metals in the Environment pp 97–108Cite as

Speciation Analysis of Chloroplatinates

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Environmental Science and Engineering ((ENVSCIENCE))

Abstract

Metallic form of platinum is considered to be inert for biological reactions, but in contrast some Pt salts like hexachloroplatinate and tetrachloroplatinate, present at processes in platinum industry and at production of cytostatic platinum compounds, are among the most potent allergens and sensitizers. To assess their potential health risk, development of selective and sensitive analytical methods is inevitable. These compounds can be also found in various environmental compartments where they are released from car catalysts. However, the levels are often orders of magnitude lower which requires effective pretreatment prior to their analysis. In the present work, the most frequently methods used for the preconcentration as well as for speciation analysis of the chlorinated platinum compounds, either in occupational environment or in various natural matrices, will be presented and discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

CE:

Capillary electrophoresis

CE-ICP-MS:

Capillary electrophoresis—inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

ICP-MS:

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

LC:

Liquid chromatography

LC-ICP-MS:

Liquid chromatography—inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

OEL:

Occupational exposure limit

PGMs:

Platinum group metals

References

  • Augusto F, Hantao LW, Mogollón GS, Braga SCG (2013) New materials and trends in sorbents for solid-phase extraction. Trends Anal Chem 43:14–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balcerzak M (2011) Methods for the determination of platinum group elements in environmental and biological materials: a review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 41:214–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barefoot RR, Van Loon JC (1999) Recent advances in the determination of the platinum group elements and gold. Talanta 49:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Begerow J, Turfeld M, Dunemann L (1997) Determination of physiological palladium and platinum levels in urine using double focusing sector field ICP-MS. Fresenius J Anal Chem 359:427–429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bencs L, Ravindra K, Van Grieken R (2011) Platinum: environmental pollution and health effects. In: Enc environment health, pp 580–595

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernardis FL, Grant RA, Sherrington DC (2005) A review of methods of separation of the platinum-group metals through their chloro-complexes. React Funct Polym 65:205–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bobrowski A, Zarębski J (2000) Catalytic systems in adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Electroanalysis 12:1177–1186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bocca B, Alimonti A, Cristaudo A, Cristallini E, Petrucci F, Caroli S (2004) Monitoring of the exposure to platinum-group elements for two Italian population groups through urine analysis. Anal Chim Acta 512:19–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bullock J (2010) Chloroplatinate toxicity: use and misunderstanding of Merget. International Precious Metals Institute, Pensacola

    Google Scholar 

  • Caroli S, Alimonti A, Petrucci F, Bocca B, Krachler M, Forastiere F, Sacerdote MT, Mallone S (2001) Assessment of exposure to platinum-group metals in urban children. Spectrochim Acta B 56:1241–1248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen L, Wang T, Tong J (2011) Application of derivatized magnetic materials to the separation and the preconcentration of pollutants in water samples. Trends Anal Chem 30:1095–1108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colombo C, Oates CJ, Monhemius AJ, Plant JA (2008) Complexation of platinum, palladium and rhodium with inorganic ligands in the environment. Geochem: Explor Env A 8:91–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Cubelic M, Pecoroni R, Schäfer J, Eckhardt JD, Berner Z, Stüben D (1997) Verteilung verhkersbedingter Edelemetallimmissionen in Böden. Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung—Untertitel Zeitschrift für Umweltchemie und Ökotoxikologie (in German) 9:249–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis L, Turner A, Vyas N, Sewell G (2010) Speciation and reactivity of cisplatin in river water and seawater. Environ Sci Technol 44:3345–3350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das D, Gupta U, Das AK (2012) Recent developments in solid phase extraction in elemental speciation of environmental samples with special reference to aqueous solutions. Trends Anal Chem 33:35–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dubiella-Jackowska A, Polkowska Z, Namieśnik J (2007) Platinum group elements: A challenge for environmental analytics. Pol J Environ Stud 16:329–345

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubiella-Jackowska A, Polkowska Z, Dariusz L, Pasławski P, Staszek W, Namieśnik J (2009) Estimation of platinum in environmental water samples with solid phase extraction technique using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cent Eur J Chem 7:35–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ely JC, Neal CR, Kulpa CF, Schneegurt MA, Seidler JA, Jain JC (2001) Implications of platinum-group element accumulation along US roads from catalytic-converter attrition. Environ Sci Technol 35:3816–3822

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farago ME, Kavanagh P, Blanks R, Kelly J, Kazantzis G, Thornton I, Simpson PR, Cook JM, Delves HT, Hall GE (1998) Platinum concentrations in urban road dust and soil, and in blood and urine in the United Kingdom. Analyst 123:451–454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz B (2004) Preconcentration and separation procedures for the spectrochemical determination of platinum and palladium. Microchim Acta 147:189–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz B, Leśniewska B, Wawreniuk I (2010) Assessment of ion imprinted polymers based on Pd(II) chelate complex for preconcentration and FAAS determination of palladium. Talanta 83:596–604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hann S, Köllensperger G, Kanitsar K, Stingeder G, Brunner M, Erovic B, Müller M, Reiter C (2003) Platinum determination by ICP-SFMS in different matrices relevant for human bio-monitoring. Anal Bioanal Chem 376:198–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Hann S, Stefánka Z, Lenz K, Stingeder G (2005) Novel separation method for highly sensitive speciation of cancerostatic platinum compounds by HPLC-ICP-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 381:405–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hays MD, Cho S-H, Baldauf R, Schauer JJ, Shafer M (2011) Particle size distributions of metal and non-metal elements in an urban near-highway environment. Atmos Environ 45:925–934

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge VF, Stallard MO (1986) Platinum and palladium in roadside dust. Environ Sci Technol 20:1058–1060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes EG (1980) Medical surveillance of platinum refinery workers. J Soc Occup Med 30:27–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joint Statement of the International Platinum Group Metals Association (IPA) and the European Precious Metals Federation (EPMF) on the DECOS recommendation for a revised health-based occupational exposure limit applicable to chloroplatinates (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanitsar K, Köllensperger G, Hann S, Limbeck A, Puxbaum H, Stingeder G (2003) Determination of Pt, Pd and Rh by inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP–SFMS) in size-classified urban aerosol samples. J Anal At Spectrom 18:239–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köllensperger G, Hann S, Nurmi J, Prohaska T, Stingeder G (2003) Uncertainty of species unspecific quantification strategies in hyphenated ICP-MS analysis. J Anal At Spectrom 18:1047–1055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalska J, Huszal S, Sawicki MG, Asztemborska M, Stryjewska E, Szalacha E, Golimowski J, Gawronski SW (2004) Voltammetric determination of platinum in plant material. Electroanalysis 16:1266–1270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klueppel K, Jakubowski N, Messerschmidt J, Stuewer D, Klockow D (1998) Speciation of platinum metabolites in plants by size-exclusion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Anal At Spectrom 13:255–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee HY, Chon HT, Sager M, Marton L (2012) Platinum pollution in road dusts, roadside soils, and tree barks in Seoul, Korea. Environ Geochem Health 34:5–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leśniewska B, Kosińska M, Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz B, Zambrzycka E, Wilczewska AZ (2011) Selective solid phase extraction of platinum on an ion imprinted polymers for its electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric determination in environment al samples. Microchim Acta 175:273–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Huang YF, Jiang Y, Tian BL, Han F, Yan XP (2011a) Displacement solid-phase extraction on mercapto-functionalized magnetite microspheres for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric determination of trace noble metals. Anal Chim Acta 692:42–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li D, Chang X, Hu Z, Wang Q, Tu Z, Li R (2011b) Selective solid-phase extraction of Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(IV) using activated carbon modified with 2,6-diaminopyridine. Microchim Acta 174:131–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linnett PJ, Hughes EG (1999) 20 years of medical surveillance on exposure to allergenic and non-allergenic platinum compounds: the importance of chemical speciation. Occup Environ Med 56:191–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lustig S, Michalke B, Beck W, Schramel P (1998) Platinum speciation with hyphenated techniques: high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis on-line coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer—application to aqueous extracts from a platinum treated soil. Fresenius J Anal Chem 360:18–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merget R, Kulzer R, Dierkes-Globisch A (2000) Exposure-effect relationship of platinum salt allergy in a catalyst production plant: conclusions from a 5-year prospective cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 105:364–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michalke B, Schramel P (1997) Coupling of capillary electrophoresis with ICP-MS for speciation investigations. Fresenius J Anal Chem 357:594–599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mladenova E, Karadjova I, Tsalev DL (2012) Solid-phase extraction in the determination of gold, palladium, and platinum. J Sep Sci 35:1249–1265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morton O, Puchelt H, Hernández E, Lounejeva E (2001) Traffic-related platinum group elements (PGE) in soils from Mexico City. J Geochem Explor 72:223–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nachtigall D, Artelt S, Wünsch GJ (1997) Speciation of platinum–chloro complexes and their hydrolysis products by ion chromatography: Determination of platinum oxidation states. J Chromatogr A 775:197–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nischwitz V, Michalke B, Kettrup A (2003) Speciation of Pt(II) and Pt(IV) in spiked extracts from road dust using on-line liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1016:223–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orecchio S, Amorello D (2011) Platinum levels in urban soils from Palermo (Italy); Analytical method using voltammetry. Microchem J 99:283–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Probst T, Rietz B, Alfassi ZB (2001) Platinum concentrations in Danish air samples determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J Environ Monit 3:217–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rauch S, Motelica-Heino M, Morrison GM, Donard OFX (2000) Critical assessment of platinum group element determination in road and urban river sediments using ultrasonic nebulization and high resolution ICP-MS. J Anal At Spectrom 15:329–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ravindra K, Bencs L, Van Grieken R (2004) Platinum group elements in the environment and their health risk. Sci Total Environ 318:1–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosner G, Merget R (2000) Evaluation of the health risk of platinum emissions from automotive emission control catalyts. In: Zereini F, Alt F (eds) Anthropogenic platinum group element emissions. Their impact on man and environment. Springer, Berlin, pp 267–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer J, Puchelt H (1998) Platinum-Group-Metals (PGM) emitted from automobile catalytic converters and their distribution in roadside soils. J Geochem Explor 64:307–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuppe HC, Kulig J, Lerchenmüller C, Becker D, Gleichmann E, Kind P (1997) Contact hypersensitivity to disodium hexachloroplatinate in mice. Toxic Lett 93:125–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spada N, Bozlaker A, Chellam S (2012) Multi-elemental characterization of tunnel and road dusts in Houston, Texas using dynamic reaction cell-quadrupole-inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry: evidence for the release of platinum group and anthropogenic metals from motor vehicles. Anal Chim Acta 735:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Standler A, Köllensperger G, Buchberger W, Stingeder G, Hann S (2007) Determination of chloroplatinates by CE coupled to inductively coupled plasma sector field MS. Electrophoresis 28:3492–3499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Švancara I, Galík M, Vytřas K (2007) Stripping voltammetric determination of platinum metals at a carbon paste electrode modified with cationic surfactants. Talanta 72:512–518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilch J, Schuster M, Schwarzer M (2000) Determination of palladium in airborne particulate matter in a German city. Fresenius J Anal Chem 367:450–453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Timerbaev AR, Küng A, Keppler BK (2002) Capillary electrophoresis of platinum-group elements: analytical, speciation and biochemical studies. J Chromatogr A 945:25–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tu Z, Lu S, Chang X, Li Z, Hu Z, Zhang L, Tian H (2011) Selective solid-phase extraction and separation of trace gold, palladium and platinum using activated carbon modified with ethyl-3-(2-aminoethylamino)-2-chlorobut-2-enoate. Microchim Acta 173:231–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Horst C, Silwana B, Iwuoha E, Somerset V (2012) Stripping voltammetric determination of palladium, platinum and rhodium in freshwater and sediment samples from South African water resources. J Environ Sci Health 47:2084–2093

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan GT, Florence TM (1992) Platinum in the human diet, blood, hair and excreta. Sci Total Environ 111:47–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Wyk PH, Gerber WJ, Koch KR (2011) A robust method for speciation, separation and photometric characterization of all [PtCl6−nBrn]2- (n = 0–6) and [PtCl4−nBrn]2− (n = 0–4) complex anions by means of ion-pairing RP-HPLC coupled to ICP-MS/OES, validated by high resolution 195Pt NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 704:154–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Wyk PH, Gerber WJ, Koch KR (2012) Direct determination of metal to halide mole ratios in platinum complex anions [PtCl6−nBrn]2− (n = 0–6) by means of HPLC-ICP-OES using Cl, Br and Pt emissions of all separated species. J Anal At Spectrom 27:577–580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei C, Morrison GM (1994) Platinum in road dusts and urban river sediments. Sci Total Environ 146(147):169–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO (1991) Environmental health criteria 125—platinum. World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Xing L, Jerkiewicz G, Beauchemin D (2013) Ion exchange chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the study of Pt electro-dissolution. Anal Chim Acta 785:16–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zereini F, Wiseman C, Alt F, Messerschmidt J, Müller J, Urban H (2001) Platinum and rhodium concentrations in airborne particulate matter in Germany from 1988 to 1998. Environ Sci Technol 35:1996–2000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zereini F, Alsenz H, Wiseman CLS, Püttmann W, Reimer E, Schleyer R, Bieber E, Wallasch M (2012) Platinum group elements (Pt, Pd, Rh) in airborne particulate matter in rural versus. urban areas of Germany: concentrations and spatial patterns of distribution. Sci Total Environ 416:261–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou L, Xu J, Liang X, Liu Z (2010) Adsorption of platinum(IV) and palladium(II) from aqueous solution by magnetic cross-linking chitosan particles modified with ethylenediamine. J Hazard Mater 182:518–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zoorob GK, McKiernan JW, Caruso JA (1998) ICP-MS for elemental speciation studies. Microchim Acta 128:145–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences—BOKU Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria

    Marianna Vitkova, Dinh Binh Chu, Gunda Koellensperger & Stephan Hann

Authors
  1. Marianna Vitkova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dinh Binh Chu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Gunda Koellensperger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Stephan Hann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marianna Vitkova .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Fathi Zereini

  2. School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Clare L.S. Wiseman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vitkova, M., Chu, D.B., Koellensperger, G., Hann, S. (2015). Speciation Analysis of Chloroplatinates. In: Zereini, F., Wiseman, C. (eds) Platinum Metals in the Environment. Environmental Science and Engineering(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44559-4_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation