Abstract
Our first CCD camera was water cooled. More than 300 watts heating power had to be removed via 12 volts—Who has such a power supply? For cooling the water we bought an old car radiator and screwed it to the outer wall of the observatory. This beast made quite a noise. And to avoid breaking the camera body by freezing water in the rather cool winters, we also used a coolant. What a mess when the camera had to be disconnected! The whole construction was spectacular and visitors were quite impressed—until a lightning strike finished the whole rigmarole and the camera broke.
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Notes
- 1.
The incident signal is not a digital one because the current induced by single photons is transferred into a “continuous” signal by an internal capacity.
- 2.
Signals which would be limited to positive values would introduce a shift of the mean value towards a positive signal.
- 3.
For a detailed analysis of the temperature dependence of dark noise, we refer to Widenhorn et al. (2002).
- 4.
In the literature this is sometimes noted as “flat field effect”.
- 5.
One therefore also refers to a so-called “flat field”.
- 6.
Hot pixels have a very high dark current and dead pixels have a greatly reduced light sensitivity.
- 7.
The term fixed pattern noise is misleading because the pixel errors are spatially constant, thus having no temporal variation as noise and thus are correctable.
- 8.
At this point we neglect the sky background.
- 9.
This implies that the spectral noise is due to fluctuations of a single pixel.
- 10.
This is usually not valid for only a few pixel elements and if the background varies (e.g., infrared measurements). Because \(\mathit{var}(B \cdot n \cdot t)\) is often difficult to determine, one should invest corresponding effort to stabilize all background signals.
Bibliography
Kodak Application Note MTD/PS-0233. (2003). CCD image sensor noise sources. Eastman Kodak Company
Newberry, M. (1998–2000). Measuring the gain of a CCD camera (Axiom Tech Note 1). Axiom Research Inc.
Robinson, L. B. (1988). Instrumentation for ground-based optical astronomy. Springer.
Widenhorn, R., Blouke, M. M., Weber, A., Rest, A., & Bodegom, E. (2002). In SPIE conference proceedings. Sensors and camera systems for scientific, industrial, and digital photography (Vol. 4669).
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Eversberg, T., Vollmann, K. (2015). Some Remarks on CCD Detectors. In: Spectroscopic Instrumentation. Springer Praxis Books(). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44535-8_10
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