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Gender Differences in Production and Circulating Levels of Sex Hormones and Their Impact on Aging Skin

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Skin, Mucosa and Menopause

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Abstract

Serum concentrations of the sex steroids, which modulate skin structure and function, differ in aging men and women. Serum estradiol levels are unaffected by age in men, but in women, postmenopausal estrogen deficiency results in thinner, drier skin with a lower collagen content and reduced elasticity. Dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate form, produced by the adrenals, decline dramatically with age in both sexes, but serum concentrations are consistently lower in women. This steroid becomes the predominant source of both androgen and estrogen synthesis following menopause, and its supplementation increases skin thickness, hydration, and sebum production. Serum androgen levels decline slowly with age in men, but remain higher than in postmenopausal women. Consequently, wound healing, which is inhibited by androgens, is compromised to a greater degree in older men than women. Local synthesis of the sex steroids affects the eccrine sweat glands and hair follicles. Senile sebaceous gland hyperplasia, whereby the sebaceous gland compensates for reduced lipogenesis, is more prominent and occurs earlier in females. Dihydrotestosterone miniaturizes and reduces the number of anagen hair follicles in genetically susceptible men, leading to male-pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia). Its impact is limited in women because their scalp hair follicles express lower levels of 5α-reductase and androgen receptor and higher levels of aromatase, which reduces the production and action of dihydrotestosterone. Thermoregulation by sweating appears to be compromised with age in both sexes. In short, circulating levels of sex hormones and the expression of key steroidogenic enzymes and receptors within the skin itself influence certain gender differences in aging skin.

A version of this chapter appeared as an open-access article by Farage et al., Journal of Steroids Hormonal Science 2012, 3:2, (OMICS Publishing Group, www.omicsonline.org) http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000109 and is reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clinical Innovative Sciences, The Procter and Gamble Company, 6110 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45224, USA

    Miranda A. Farage MSc, PhD

  2. Global Product Stewardship, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Kenneth W. Miller PhD

  3. Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Dessau, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

    Christos C. Zouboulis MD

  4. Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium

    Gérald E. Piérard MD, PhD

  5. Department of Dermatology, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Howard I. Maibach MD

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  1. Miranda A. Farage MSc, PhD
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  3. Christos C. Zouboulis MD
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  1. Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Miranda A. Farage

  2. Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Kenneth W. Miller

  3. School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Nancy Fugate Woods

  4. Department of Dermatology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA

    Howard I. Maibach

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Farage, M.A., Miller, K.W., Zouboulis, C.C., Piérard, G.E., Maibach, H.I. (2015). Gender Differences in Production and Circulating Levels of Sex Hormones and Their Impact on Aging Skin. In: Farage, M., Miller, K., Fugate Woods, N., Maibach, H. (eds) Skin, Mucosa and Menopause. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44080-3_11

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