Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Post-treatment Imaging of the Orbit pp 125–151Cite as

Imaging of Strabismus and Craniofacial Malformation Surgery

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1339 Accesses

Abstract

The term strabismus is derived from the Greek word “strabismos – to squint, to look obliquely, or askance.” Thus, strabismus consists of ocular misalignment caused by any of a wide range of abnormalities of binocular vision; extraocular muscle development; third, fourth, or sixth cranial nerve palsies; myasthenia gravis; orbital masses; orbital trauma; or inflammatory disorders, such as Graves’ orbitopathy or orbital pseudotumor. Strabismus surgery plays an important role in visual development in pediatric and adult patients by restoring the normal alignment of the eye and in some cases, improving binocular function, resolving double vision, or reducing torticollis. Different types of strabismus surgery are performed depending upon the etiology of the strabismus. The scope includes weakening procedures such as recessions, myotomies, and tenotomies; strengthening procedures such as resections, plications, and tucks; and muscle transposition procedures designed to change the vector force of the muscle. High spatial resolution orbital MRI can help delineate pertinent anatomy prior to intervention and can be particularly useful when records detailing previous surgical procedures are unavailable. Furthermore, imaging can help the strabismus surgeon with preoperative surgical planning after complications including lost or slipped extraocular muscles, torn muscles, inclusion cysts, and hardware migration from prior craniofacial or orbital repair. High spatial resolution MRI, coupled with quantitative morphometric analysis, can demonstrate the size and contractility of muscles, and surface coils enhance image quality.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Further Reading

  • Abe T, Satoh K, Wada A. Optic nerve decompression for orbitofrontal fibrous dysplasia: recent development of surgical technique and equipment. Skull Base. 2006;16(3):145–55.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anantheswar YN, Venkataramana NK. Pediatric craniofacial surgery for craniosynostosis: our experience and current concepts: Parts -2. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2009a;4(2):100–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anantheswar YN, Venkataramana NK. Pediatric craniofacial surgery for craniosynostosis: our experience and current concepts: Part -1. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2009b;4(2):86–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews BT, Meara JG. Reconstruction of frontoethmoidalencephalocele defects. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2010;18(2):129–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker RS, Conklin JD. Acquired Brown syndrome from blunt orbital trauma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Surg. 1987;18:893.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barley GB, Dyer JA. Strengthening the superior oblique muscle. Ophthalmic Surg. 1987;18:893.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentley RP, Sgouros S, Natarajan K, Dover MS, Hockley AD. Changes in orbital volume during childhood in cases of craniosynostosis. J Neurosurg. 2002;96(4):747–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Béquignon E, Cardinne C, Lachiver X, Wagner I, Chabolle F, Baujat B. Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia surgery: A functional approach. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2013 Jul 18. pii: S1879–7296(12)00141-X.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binning M, Ragel B, Brockmeyer DL, Walker ML, Kestle JR. Evaluation of the necessity of postoperative imaging after craniosynostosis surgery. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(1 Suppl):43–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell JW, Albright AL, Losken HW, Biglan AW. Intracranial hypertension after cranial vault decompression for craniosynostosis. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1995;22(5):270–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark RA, Demer JL. Magnetic resonance imaging of the effects of horizontal rectus extraocular muscle surgery on pulley and globe positions and stability. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(1):188–94.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark RA, Rosenbaum AL, Demer JL. Magnetic resonance imaging after surgical transposition defines the anteroposterior location of the rectus muscle pulleys. J AAPOS. 1999;3(1):9–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crouch ER. Use of botulinum toxin in strabismus. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2006;17(5):435–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis TH, Stout AU, Drack AV, Durairaj VD. Giant orbital cysts after strabismus surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(4):697–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • David L, Argenta L, Fisher D. Hydroxyapatite cement in pediatric craniofacial reconstruction. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16(1):129–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Ponte FS, Pascali M, Perugini M, Lattanzi A, Gennaro P, Brunelli A. Surgical treatment of frontoethmoidal encephalocele: a case report. J Craniofac Surg. 2000;11(4):342–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derderian CA, Bastidas N, Bartlett SP. Posterior cranial vault expansion using distraction osteogenesis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012;28(9):1551–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edelman PM. Functional benefits of adult strabismus surgery. Am Orthopt J. 2010;60:43–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eley KA, Witherow H, Hayward R, Evans R, Young K, Clark A, Dunaway D. The evaluation of bony union after frontofacial distraction. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20(2):275–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Festa F, Pagnoni M, Valerio R, Rodolfino D, Saccucci M, d’Attilio M, Caputi S, Iannetti G. Orbital volume and surface after Le Fort III advancement in syndromiccraniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2012;23(3):789–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Francis CS, Shetty A, Frank R, Meltzer HS, Cohen SR. In situ fronto-orbital advancement with medial orbital osteotomies for trigonocephaly-associated hypotelorism. J Craniofac Surg. 2011;22(1):281–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ginat DT, Gupta R. Advances in computed tomography imaging technology. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2014;16:431–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gosain AK. Hydroxyapatite cement paste cranioplasty for the treatment of temporal hollowing after cranial vault remodeling in a growing child. J Craniofac Surg. 1997;8(6):506–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes AD, Wright GW, Meara JG, Heggie AA, Probert TC. LeFort III internal distraction in syndromiccraniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2002;13(2):262–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hopper RA. New trends in cranio-orbital and midface distraction for craniofacial dysostosis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;20(4):298–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter DG, Lam GC, Guyton DL. Inferior oblique muscle injury from local anesthesia for cataract surgery. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iannetti G, Fadda T, Agrillo A, Poladas G, Iannetti G, Filiaci F. LeFort III advancement with and without osteogenesis distraction. J Craniofac Surg. 2006;17(3):536–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Imai K, Fujimoto T, Takahashi M, Maruyama Y, Yamaguchi K. Preoperative and postoperative orbital volume in patients with Crouzon and Apert syndrome. J Craniofac Surg. 2013;24(1):191–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jang SY, Kim MK, Choi SM, Jang JW. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction after maxillary orthognathic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71(6):1085–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kowal L, Wong E, Yahalom C. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of strabismus. A review of its use and effects. DisabilRehabil. 2007;29(23):1823–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kushner BJ. The efficacy of strabismus surgery in adults: a review for primary care physicians. Postgrad Med J. 2011a;87(1026):269–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kushner BJ. Insertion slanting strabismus surgical procedures. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011b;129(12):1620–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee DW, Kim JY, Lew DH. Use of rapidly hardening hydroxyapatite cement for facial contouring surgery. J Craniofac Surg. 2010;21(4):1084–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenart TD, Lambert SR. Slipped and lost extraocular muscles. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. 2001;14(3):433–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahapatra AK, Suri A. Anterior encephaloceles: a study of 92 cases. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2002;36(3):113–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehendale RA, Dagi LR, Wu C, Ledoux D, Johnston S, Hunter DG. Superior rectus transposition and medial rectus recession for Duane syndrome and sixth nerve palsy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130(2):195–201.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehendale RA, Stemmer-Rachimamov AO, Dagi LR. A 50 year old man with a long-standing large angle exotropia and limitation of adduction in the left eye. Digital J Ophthalmol. 2012;19:64–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metz HS, Searl S, Rosenberg P, Sterns G. Giant orbital cyst after strabismus surgery. J AAPOS. 1999;3(3):185–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller JM, Demer JL, Rosenbaum AL. Effect of transposition surgery on rectus muscle paths by magnetic resonance imaging. Ophthalmology. 1993;100(4):475–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mills MD, Coats DK, Donahue SP, Wheeler DT, American Academy of Ophthalmology. Strabismus surgery for adults: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2004;111(6):1255–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nasu W, Kobayashi S, Kashiwa K, Honda T. Secondary craniofacial reconstruction of huge frontoethmoidalencephalomeningocele after primary neurosurgical repair. J Craniofac Surg. 2008;19(1):171–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neely KA, Ernest JT, Mottier M. Combined superior oblique paresis and Brown syndrome after blepharoplasty. Am J Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1987;24:309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Negishi T, Hikoya A, Isoda H, Tsuchiya Y, Sawada M, Hotta Y, Sato M. Magnetic resonance imaging of the medial rectus muscle of patients with consecutive exotropia after medial rectus muscle recession. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(10):1876–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nout E, van Bezooijen JS, Koudstaal MJ, Veenland JF, Hop WC, Wolvius EB, van der Wal KG. Orbital change following Le Fort III advancement in syndromiccraniosynostosis: quantitative evaluation of orbital volume, infra-orbital rim and globe position. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2012;40(3):223–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohba M, Ohtsuka K, Hosaka Y, Ogawa K, Osanai H. A case of a slipped medial rectus muscle after strabismus surgery. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2004;19(3):165–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panchal J, Uttchin V. Management of craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111(6):2032–48; quiz 2049.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papay FA, Morales Jr L, Flaharty P, Smith SJ, Anderson R, WAlker JM, WAlker RS, WAlker S. Optic nerve decompression in cranial base fibrous dysplasia. J Craniofac Surg. 1995;6(1):5–10; discussion 11-4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelo S, Gasparini G, Di Petrillo A, Tamburrini G, Di Rocco C. Distraction osteogenesis in the surgical treatment of craniostenosis: a comparison of internal and external craniofacial distractor devices. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23(12):1447–53. Epub 2007 Sep 18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack IF, Losken HW, Biglan AW. Incidence of increased intracranial pressure after early surgical treatment of syndromiccraniosynostosis. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1996;24(4):202–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posnick JC, Armstrong D, Bite U. Metopic and sagittal synostosis: intracranial volume measurements prior to and after cranio-orbital reshaping in childhood. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96(2):299–309; discussion 310–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prata JA, Minckler DS, Green RL. Pseudo-Brown syndrome as a complication of glaucoma drainage implant surgery. Ophthalmic Surg. 1993;24:608.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Purdy EP. Oculoplastic and orbital applications of porous high-density polyethylene implants. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1997;8(5):57–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sadiq MA, Prabhu SP, Fearon JA, Taghinia AH, Dagi LR. Screw implantation in the globe: the risk of delayed hardware migration from craniofacial repair. J Craniofac Surg. 2013;24(5):1650–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schatz CJ, Ginat DT. Imaging of cosmetic facial implants and grafts. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34(9):1674–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah AS, Prabu SP, Sadiq MA, Mantagos IS, Hunter DG, Dagi LR. Adjustable nasal transposition of split lateral rectus muscle. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;10:1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon JW. Complications of strabismus surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2010;21(5):361–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh KA, Burstein FD, Williams JK. Use of hydroxyapatite cement in pediatric craniofacial reconstructive surgery: strategies for avoiding complications. J Craniofac Surg. 2010;21(4):1130–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song JJ, Finger PT, Kurli M, Wisnicki HJ, Iacob CE. Giant secondary conjunctival inclusion cysts: a late complication of strabismus surgery. Ophthalmology. 2006;113(6):1049.e1–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Songür E, Mutluer S, Gürler T, Bilkay U, Görken C, Güner U, Celik N. Management of frontoethmoidal (sincipital) encephalocele. J Craniofac Surg. 1999;10(2):135–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steinbach MJ, Kirshner EL, Arstikaitis MJ. Recession vs marginal myotomy surgery for strabismus: effects on spatial localization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987;28(11):1870–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Head and Neck Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA

    Daniel Thomas Ginat MD, MS (Director)

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Mohammad Ali Sadiq MD, MBBS & Linda R. Dagi MD

Authors
  1. Daniel Thomas Ginat MD, MS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohammad Ali Sadiq MD, MBBS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Linda R. Dagi MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel Thomas Ginat MD, MS .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Director of Head and Neck Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Daniel Thomas Ginat

  2. Director, Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Suzanne K. Freitag

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ginat, D.T., Sadiq, M.A., Dagi, L.R. (2015). Imaging of Strabismus and Craniofacial Malformation Surgery. In: Ginat, D., Freitag, S. (eds) Post-treatment Imaging of the Orbit. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44023-0_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44023-0_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-44022-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-44023-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation